View source for Maianthemum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Maianthemum
|accepted_authority=F. H. Wiggers
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Prim. Fl. Holsat.,
|place=14. 1780
|year=1780
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Sigillaria
|authority=Rafinesque
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Smilacina
|authority=Desfontaines
}}
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Maianthemum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Maianthemum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin Maius, May, and Greek anthemon, flower
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 19, 57, 207
|treatment_page=page 206
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, terrestrial or aquatic, 1–12.5 dm, from rhizomes. <b>Rhizomes</b> persistent, sympodial, spreading and filiform, or densely clumped, cylindrical, and fleshy. <b>Stems</b> simple, arching or erect. <b>Leaves</b> 2–15, cauline, distichous, clasping or short-petiolate; blade usually ovate, glabrous or weakly pubescent, base rounded or cordiform, margins flat or undulate, denticulate or entire, apex acute or caudate. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminally paniculate or racemose, 5–250-flowered. <b>Flowers</b> 3-merous (6 tepals, 6 stamens) or, by reduction, 2-merous (4 tepals, 4 stamens); perianth spreading; tepals distinct, white, ovate or triangular, equal, 0.5–5 mm; stamens inserted at tepal base; anthers 4-locular, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, 2–3-carpellate, septal walls with nectariferous canals; style shorter than 1.5 mm; stigma 2–3-lobed, less than 1 mm wide; pedicel subtended by 1 or more bracts. <b>Fruits</b> baccate, variously mottled when immature, bright red at maturity, usually lobed, 4–12 mm wide, pulp thin. <b>Seeds</b> 1–12, globose, 3–6 mm diam.; testa pale brown, thin; endosperm scaly. <b>x</b> = 18.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Central America;n Europe;e Asia to the Himalayas.
|discussion=<p>Species 30 (5 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Outside the flora area, <i>Maianthemum</i> may be epiphytic, with foliage stems pendent or erect; two species are dioecious; tepals may be fused, the perianth campanulate; and tepals and anthers may be pink, green, or violet.</p><!--
--><p>The two species of <i>Maianthemum</i> that bear 4-tepaled flowers, <i>M. canadense</i> and <i>M. dilatatum</i>, are very similar to one another and to the boreal Eurasian species M. bifolium (Linnaeus) F. W. Schmidt, and the three have sometimes been considered varieties of a single species. In most recent floristic works, the genus <i>Maianthemum</i> has been limited to these three species because of their reduced flowers, whereas the remaining species, which bear 6-tepaled flowers more typical of the Liliaceae, have been placed in the genus Smilacina. J. V. LaFrankie (1986) placed all the species in a single genus.</p><!--
--><p>The monophyly of <i>Maianthemum</i> sensu lato is supported by morphological consistencies including baccate fruits that are marked when immature, a consistent and unique karyotype (S. Kawano and H. H. Iltis 1966; S. Kawano et al. 1967; N. H. Valentine and H. M. Hassan 1971; M. N. Tamura 1995), and molecular analysis (P. J. Rudall et al. 2000; J. Yamashita and M. N. Tamura 2000). The 2-merous floral condition in <i>Maianthemum</i> sensu stricto is the result of anatomical reduction from the 3-merous state (F. H. Utech and S. Kawano 1976).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=frankie1984a
|text=Frankie, J. V. 1984. Anatomy of stem abcission in the genus Smilacina (Liliaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 563–570.  La
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=frankie1986a
|text=Frankie, J. V. 1986. Transfer of the species of Smilacina Desf. to Maianthemum Wiggers (Liliaceae). Taxon 35: 584–589.  La
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=frankie1986b
|text=Frankie, J. V. 1986b. Morphology and taxonomy of the New World species of Maianthemum (Liliaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 67: 371–439.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ihara1967a
|text=Ihara, M. Suzuki, and H. H. Iltis. 1967. Biosystematic studies on Maianthemum (Liliaceae). I. Somatic chromosome number and morphology. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 80: 345–352.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kawano1966a
|text=Kawano, S. and H. H. Iltis. 1966. Cytotaxonomy of the genus Smilacina. II. Chromosome morphology and evolutionary consideration of the New World species. Cytologia 31: 12–28.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kawano1971a
|text=Kawano, S. and M. Suzuki. 1971. Biosystematic studies on Maianthemum (Liliaceae-Polygonateae [sic]). VI. Variation in gross morphology of M. bifolium and M. canadense with special reference to their taxonomic status. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 84: 349–361.    La
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kawano1971b
|text=Kawano, S., M. Suzuki and S. Kojima. 1971. Biosystematic studies on Maianthemum (Liliaceae-Polygonateae [sic]). V. Variation in gross morphology, karyology and ecology of North American populations of M. dilatatum sensu lato. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 84: 299–318.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=takahashi1983a
|text=Takahashi, M. and K. Sohma. 1983. Pollen morphology of the genus Smilacina (Liliaceae). Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, Biol. 38: 191–218.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=utech1976b
|text=Utech, F. H. and S. Kawano. 1976. Biosystematic studies on Maianthemum (Liliaceae). VIII. Floral anatomy of M. dilatatum, M. bifolium, M. canadense. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 89: 145–157.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=valentine1971a
|text=Valentine, D. H. and H. M. Hassan. 1971. Cytotaxonomy of the genus Maianthemum. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 50: 437–446.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Rhizomes 8–14 mm wide; inflorescences paniculate, branches well developed; tepals inconspicuous, 0.5–1 mm.
|[[Maianthemum racemosum|Maianthemum racemosum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Rhizomes 1–4.5 mm wide; inflorescences racemose, simple or complex, flowers 1–4 per node; tepals conspicuous, longer than 1 mm.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Rhizomes 15–60 cm × 3–4.5 mm, roots scattered; leaves 8–11 on fertile shoots; tepals 6; immature fruits green striped with black.
|[[Maianthemum stellatum|Maianthemum stellatum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Rhizomes 1–30 cm × 1–2 mm, roots restricted to nodes; leaves 2–4 on fertile shoots; tepals 4 or 6; immature fruits green mottled or spotted with red.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blade base tapered; racemes simple; tepals 6.
|[[Maianthemum trifolium|Maianthemum trifolium]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blade base with narrow or broad sinus; racemes complex, with 1–4 flowers per node; tepals 4.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants 10–25 cm; proximal leaves sessile, blade ovate, base with narrow sinus; distal leaf blade cordate; petiole 1–7 mm; flowers (1–)2(–3) per node.
|[[Maianthemum canadense|Maianthemum canadense]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants 20–45 cm; proximal leaves short-petiolate, blade triangular to cordate, base with broad, open sinus; distal leaf blade deeply cordate; petiole 7–10 cm; flowers (1–)3(–4) per node.
|[[Maianthemum dilatatum|Maianthemum dilatatum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Maianthemum
|author=James V. LaFrankie
|authority=F. H. Wiggers
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Sigillaria;Smilacina
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=North America;Central America;n Europe;e Asia to the Himalayas.
|reference=frankie1984a;frankie1986a;frankie1986b;ihara1967a;kawano1966a;kawano1971a;kawano1971b;takahashi1983a;utech1976b;valentine1971a
|publication title=Prim. Fl. Holsat.,
|publication year=1780
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V26/V26_355.xml
|genus=Maianthemum
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Liliaceae]]