View source for Digitaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Digitaria
|accepted_authority=Haller
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Digitaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Digitaria]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 358
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual, perennial, or of indefinite duration. <b>Culms</b> 5-250 cm, erect or decumbent, branching basally or at aerial culm nodes, when annual or of indefinite duration usually decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. <b>Sheaths</b> open; ligules membranous, sometimes ciliate; blades usually flat. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, sometimes also axillary, usually panicles of 1-sided spikelike branches (sometimes only 1 branch) attached digitately or racemosely to a rachis, sometimes simple panicles of solitary, pedicellate spikelets; spikelike branches, if present, sometimes with secondary branches, primary branch axes triquetrous, bearing spikelets abaxially, in 2 rows, usually in unequally pedicellate groups of 2-5, occasionally borne singly. <b>Spikelets</b> 1.2-8.2 mm, lanceoloid to ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, apices obtuse to acuminate, unawned, with 2 florets; disarticulation beneath the glumes. <b>Lower</b> glumes absent or to 1/4 as long as the spikelets; upper glumes usually from 1/6 as long as to equaling the spikelets, occasionally absent, 0-5-veined, usually pubescent; lower florets sterile; lower lemmas membranous, usually as long as the upper lemmas, usually pubescent, (3)5-7(13)-veined; lower paleas absent or reduced; upper lemmas mostly stiffly chartaceous to cartilaginous, obscurely veined, with 0.5-1 mm hyaline margins that embrace the upper paleas; upper paleas similar to the upper lemmas in texture and size; lodicules 3, cuneate; anthers 3. <b>Caryopses</b> plano-convex; embryos 1/5–1/2 as long as the caryopses; hila punctiform to ellipsoid, x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=N.C.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tenn.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Ala.;Miss.;Okla.;S.C.;Pa.;Ariz.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Ind.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Iowa;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|discussion=<p><i>Digitaria</i> has approximately 200 species and grows primarily in tropical and warm-temperate regions, often in disturbed, open sites. Some species are grown as cereals; others for forage or as lawn grasses. In North America, the genus is best known for two of its weedy species, <i>D. sanguinalis</i> and <i>D. ciliaris</i>. There are 29 species known to occur in the Flora region; 18 are native to the region.</p><!--
--><p>Most annual species of <i>Digitaria</i> will survive several years in regions without a pronounced cold season; such species are described as being of indefinite duration.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=boonbundarl1985a
|text=Boonbundarl, S. 1985. A biosystematic study of the Digitaria leucites complex in North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 238 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gould1975b
|text=Gould, F.W. 1975. The Grasses of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 653 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=henrard1950a
|text=Henrard, J. 1950. Monograph of the genus Digitaria. Universitaire Pers Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands. 999 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kartesz1999a
|text=Kartesz, J. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0 (CD-ROM). North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kok1989a
|text=Kok, P.D.F., P.J. Robbertse, and A.E. van Wyk. 1989. Systematic study of Digitaria section Digitaria (Poaceae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 55:141-153
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=veldkamp1973a
|text=Veldkamp, J.F. 1973. A revision of Digitaria in Malesia. Blumea 21:1-80
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1981a
|text=Webster, R.D. 1981. A biosystematic study of the Digitaria sanguinalis complex in North America (Poaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 156 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1981b
|text=Webster, R.D. and S.L. Hatch. 1981. Taxonomic relationships of Texas specimens of Digitaria ciliaris and Digitaria bicornis (Poaceae). Sida 9-3A-A2
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1983a
|text=Webster, R.D. 1983. A revision of the genus Digitaria Haller (Paniceae: Poaceae) in Australia. Brunonia 6:131-216
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1987a
|text=Webster, R.D. 1987. Taxonomy of Digitaria section Digitaria in North America (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 12:209-222
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1990b
|text=Webster, R.D. and S.L. Hatch. 1990. Taxonomy of Digitaria section Aequiglumae (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 14:145-167
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wipff1994a
|text=Wipff, J.K. and S.L. Hatch. 1994. A systematic study of Digitaria sect. Pennatae (Poaceae: Paniceae) in the New World. Syst. Bot. 19:613-627.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences simple open panicles, with well-developed primary and secondary branches; branches and pedicels divergent; spikelets solitary.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Upper glumes absent or to 0.6 mm long, veinless
|[[Digitaria tomentosa|Digitaria tomentosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Upper glumes 1.8-3.8 mm long, 3-7-veined.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spikelets 3.5-4.6 mm long; upper glumes 5-7-veined
|[[Digitaria arenicola|Digitaria arenicola]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spikelets 2.2-3.3 mm long; upper glumes 3(5)-veined.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Lower lemmas 7-veined, veins not equally spaced
|[[Digitaria cognata|Digitaria cognata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Lower lemmas 5-veined, veins equidistant
|[[Digitaria pubiflora|Digitaria pubiflora]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences panicles of spikelike branches; secondary branches rarely present; spikelets appressed to the branches, in groups of 2-5 on the middle portion of the primary branches.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Spikelets in groups of 3-5 on the middle portions of the primary branches, the longer pedicels in each group often adnate to the branch axes for part of their length.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Upper lemmas pale yellow or gray when immature, light brown to brown when mature, sometimes purple-tinged.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Upper glumes 1/6-1/3 long as the spikelets; sheaths and blades pubescent
|[[Digitaria serotina|Digitaria serotina]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Upper glumes equaling or almost equaling the spikelets; sheaths and blades usually glabrous.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes 5-veined; spikelets elliptic to obovate; plants stoloniferous
|[[Digitaria longiflora|Digitaria longiflora]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes 3-veined; spikelets lanceolate; plants not stoloniferous
|[[Digitaria floridana|Digitaria floridana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Upper lemmas brown when immature, becoming dark brown when mature.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Primary panicle branches wing-margined, the wings at least 1/2 as wide as the midribs.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plants always with axillary panicles in the lower leaf sheaths, these panicles sometimes completely concealed by the sheaths; spikelets 1.7-2.3 mm long
|[[Digitaria ischaemum|Digitaria ischaemum]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Plants without axillary panicles; spikelets 1.2-1.7 mm long.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Primary panicle branches, if more than 2, racemose, the terminal branches erect, the other branches usually divergent; upper lemmas light brown to brown at maturity; upper glumes almost as long as the upper lemmas
|[[Digitaria floridana|Digitaria floridana]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Primary panicle branches usually all digitate, sometimes 1 below the others, all the branches erect to ascending; upper lemmas dark brown at maturity; upper glumes 1/2 as long as to almost equaling the upper lemmas
|[[Digitaria violascens|Digitaria violascens]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Primary panicle branches not wing-margined or the wings not as wide as the midribs.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lower lemmas pubescent.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Plants annual, or short-lived perennials, branching at the lower nodes; cauline nodes 3-6
|[[Digitaria filiformis|Digitaria filiformis]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Plants perennial, not branching at the lower nodes; cauline nodes 1-2.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas with long, glandular-tipped hairs along their margins and intercostal regions
|[[Digitaria leucocoma|Digitaria leucocoma]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous over most of their length, sparsely pubescent near the apices, the hairs short, not glandular-tipped
|[[Digitaria bakeri|Digitaria bakeri]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lower lemmas glabrous.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Upper glumes less than 1/2 as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria gracillima|Digitaria gracillima]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Upper glumes more than 1/2 as long as the spikelets.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Plants annual, branching at the lower nodes; culm nodes 3-6; upper glumes obtuse
|[[Digitaria filiformis|Digitaria filiformis]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Plants perennial, not branching at the lower nodes; culm nodes 1-2; upper glumes acute
|[[Digitaria bakeri|Digitaria bakeri]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Spikelets paired on the middle portions of the primary branches; pedicels not adnate to the branch axes.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Upper lemmas brown when immature, almost always dark brown when mature; primary branches not wing-margined or with wings less than 1/2 as wide as the midribs.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Spikelets (including pubescence) 1.3-3.1 mm long; lower lemmas (including pubescence) shorter than or no more than 0.5 mm longer than the upper florets; ligules 0.1-1.5 mm long, ciliate; lower lemmas sparsely to densely pubescent, the hairs less than 1 mm long, appressed, not spreading at maturity.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lower glumes 0.3-1 mm long; plants perennial, with hard, knotty, shortly rhizomatous bases; culms erect, not rooting at the lower nodes; lower lemmas 5-veined, the veins equally spaced
|[[Digitaria hitchcockii|Digitaria hitchcockii]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lower glumes absent or to 0.1 mm long; plants annual, or short-lived perennials; culms erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; lower lemmas 5-7-veined, the veins unequally spaced, the outer veins closely spaced.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Upper lemmas dark brown at maturity; lower primary panicle branches without secondary branches; upper glumes with clavate to capitate hairs
|[[Digitaria filiformis|Digitaria filiformis]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Upper lemmas usually gray, sometimes brown, at maturity; lower primary panicle branches with strongly divergent secondary branches; upper glumes with tapering or parallel-sided hairs
|[[Digitaria velutina|Digitaria velutina]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Spikelets (including pubescence) 3.7-7.5 mm long; lower lemmas (including pubescence) exceeding the upper florets by 0.8 mm or more; ligules 1-6 mm long, not ciliate; lower lemmas densely pubescent, the hairs 1-6 mm long, usually spreading at maturity.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Terminal pedicels of primary branches 7.4-20 mm long; primary branches usually divergent, sometimes ascending, at maturity, the middle internodes (4.5)6-15 mm long
|[[Digitaria patens|Digitaria patens]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Terminal pedicels of primary branches 1.7-6(7) mm long; primary branches appressed to ascending at maturity, the middle internodes 2-6 mm long.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Lower lemmas pubescent between most, sometimes all, of the veins and on the margins
|[[Digitaria insularis|Digitaria insularis]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Lower lemmas glabrous between the veins, pubescent on the margins, sometimes also on the lateral veins
|[[Digitaria californica|Digitaria californica]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Upper lemmas pale yellow, tan, or gray, sometimes purple-tinged, when immature; gray, yellow, tan, light brown, or purple at maturity; primary branches sometimes wing-margined, the margin widths various.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Primary panicle branches not or only narrowly wing-margined, the wings no more than 1/2 as wide as the midribs.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Upper glumes glabrous; plants rhizomatous; culms decumbent but usually not rooting at the lower nodes
|[[Digitaria abyssinica|Digitaria abyssinica]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Upper glumes shortly villous on the margins, sometimes also elsewhere; plants not rhizomatous; culms erect or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes
|[[Digitaria texana|Digitaria texana]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Spikelets 2.5-3.6 mm long.
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Culms usually branching at the aerial nodes, not rooting at the lower nodes; leaf blades 2-2.2 mm wide, flat or folded; upper glumes glabrous
|[[Digitaria pauciflora|Digitaria pauciflora]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Culms not branching at the aerial nodes, often rooting at the lower nodes; leaf blades 2-7mm wide, flat; upper glumes villous or glabrous.
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Upper glumes 7-9-veined, glabrous or obscurely pubescent; plants of indefinite duration
|[[Digitaria simpsonii|Digitaria simpsonii]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Upper glumes (3)5-veined, shortly villous on the margins and sometimes between the margins; plants perennial
|[[Digitaria texana|Digitaria texana]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Primary branches winged, the wings at least 1/2 wide as the midribs.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Plants perennial, usually stoloniferous, sometimes also rhizomatous.
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Leaf blades 1-3 mm wide; panicles with 2-4 primary branches, the branches 2-7 cm long
|[[Digitaria didactyla|Digitaria didactyla]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Leaf blades 3-13 mm wide; panicles with 2-18 primary branches, the branches 5-25 cm long.
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Midveins of the lower lemmas scabrous, at least on the distal 1/2
|[[Digitaria milanjiana|Digitaria milanjiana]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Midveins of the lower lemmas smooth throughout
|[[Digitaria eriantha|Digitaria eriantha]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Plants annual or of indefinite duration, usually neither rhizomatous nor stoloniferous.
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Lateral veins of the lower lemmas scabrous for the distal 2/3 of their length, sometimes scabrous throughout (use 20x magnification); leaf blades usually with papillose-based hairs on both surfaces
|[[Digitaria sanguinalis|Digitaria sanguinalis]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Lateral veins of the lower lemmas smooth throughout or scabrous only on the distal 1/3; leaf blades with or without papillose-based hairs.
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Lower lemmas of the lower spikelets of each pair 7-veined, the 2 lateral veins on each side crowded together near the margins, the 3 central veins equally spaced.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Lower primary panicle branches with strongly divergent secondary branches
|[[Digitaria velutina|Digitaria velutina]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Lower primary panicle branches without secondary branches.
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Spikelets 2.6-3.7 mm long; spikelets dimorphic with respect to their pubescence; lower lemmas of the upper spikelets of each spikelet pair with marginal hairs that become widely divergent at maturity; lower lemmas of the lower spikelets in each pair glabrous or with hairs that remain appressed at maturity; lowest panicle nodes glabrous or with hairs less than 0.4 mm long
|[[Digitaria bicornis|Digitaria bicornis]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Spikelets 1.7-2.8 mm long; spikelets homomorphic with respect to their pubescence; lowest panicle nodes with hairs more than 0.4 mm long.
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades evenly, sometimes densely, hairy; leaf sheaths usually with scattered hairs; upper glumes 1/3 – 1/2 as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria horizontalis|Digitaria horizontalis]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades glabrous or with a few long hairs near the base; leaf sheaths glabrous or with a few long hairs near the base; upper glumes 2/5 - 4/5 as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria nuda|Digitaria nuda]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Lower lemmas of the lower spikelets of each pair 5- or 7-veined, the 2 or 3 lateral veins on each side crowded together near the margins, well-separated from the midvein.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Lower glumes absent or no more than 0.1 mm long.
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Anthers 0.6-1.3 mm long; upper glumes 0.2-1.3 mm long, less than 0.4 times as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria setigera|Digitaria setigera]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Anthers 0.3-0.6 mm; upper glumes 1-2.2 mm long, 0.4-0.8 times as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria nuda|Digitaria nuda]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Lower glumes 0.1-0.8 mm long.
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Lower glumes 0.2-0.8 mm long; primary branches glabrous or with hairs shorter than 1 mm; spikelets 2.7-4.1 mm long
|[[Digitaria ciliaris|Digitaria ciliaris]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Lower glumes 0.1-0.2 mm long; primary branches often with scattered hairs 1-4 mm long; spikelets 1.7-2.8 mm long.
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades evenly hairy, sometimes densely so; leaf sheaths usually with scattered hairs; upper glumes 0.3-0.5 times as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria horizontalis|Digitaria horizontalis]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades glabrous or with a few long hairs near the base; leaf sheaths glabrous or with a few long hairs near the base; upper glumes 0.4-0.8 as long as the spikelets
|[[Digitaria nuda|Digitaria nuda]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Digitaria
|author=J.K. Wipff;
|authority=Haller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=N.C.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tenn.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Ala.;Miss.;Okla.;S.C.;Pa.;Ariz.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Ind.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Iowa;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|reference=boonbundarl1985a;gould1975b;henrard1950a;kartesz1999a;kok1989a;veldkamp1973a;webster1981a;webster1981b;webster1983a;webster1987a;webster1990b;wipff1994a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1050.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae
|genus=Digitaria
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]