View source for Silphium ← Silphium You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Silphium |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=2: 919. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 391. 1754 |year=1754 }} |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae;Silphium |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Silphium]]</div></div> |etymology=Greek silphion, an unknown plant appearing on ancient coins of the city of Cyrene |volume=Volume 21 |mention_page=page 65, 157 |treatment_page=page 77 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Perennials,</b> 20–250+ cm (fibrous rooted, rhizomatous, or taprooted). <b>Stems</b> usually erect, usually branched (terete or square, often vernicose with resinous exudates). <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline (basal persistent or withering before flowering); whorled, opposite, subopposite, or alternate (sometimes all conditions on one plant); petiolate or sessile; blades (1- or 3-nerved) deltate, elliptic, linear, ovate, or rhombic, sometimes 1–2-pinnately lobed or -pinnatifid, bases cordate or truncate to cuneate, margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy (sometimes stipitate-glandular). <b>Heads</b> radiate, in paniculiform or racemiform arrays. <b>Involucres</b> campanulate to hemispheric, 10–30 mm diam. <b>Phyllaries</b> persistent, 11–45 in 2–4 series (outer broader, foliaceous, inner smaller, thinner, each subtending a ray floret). <b>Receptacles</b> flat to slightly convex, paleate (paleae oblong, lanceolate, or linear). <b>Ray</b> florets 8–35+ in 1–4 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or white. <b>Disc</b> florets 20–200+, functionally staminate; corollas yellow or white, tubes much shorter than narrow, cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate. <b>Cypselae</b> (black to brown) obflattened (± winged, shed alone without accessory structures); pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 awns (± confluent with cypsela shoulders and wings). <b>x</b> = 7.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America. |discussion=<p>Species 12 (12 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>In keys and descriptions here, “plants scapiform” indicates plants with distal cauline leaves notably smaller than basal and proximal cauline leaves, and “plants caulescent” indicates plants with leaves ± uniform in size throughout; “leaves persistent” indicates leaves persisting to flowering time, and “leaves caducous” indicates leaves withering before flowering time.</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=perry1937a |text=Perry, L. M. 1937. Notes on Silphium. Rhodora 39: 281–297. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Stems square (distal leaf or petiole bases connate-perfoliate) |[[Silphium perfoliatum|Silphium perfoliatum]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Stems terete or slightly 4-angled (distal leaves not perfoliate) |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves (at least proximal) usually laciniate, pinnatifid, or 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes 3–15) |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Leaves (proximal and distal) seldom lobed (sometimes with 2 basal lobes, then hastate, sagittate, or auriculate) |[[#key-0-6| > 6]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Ray florets 6–12 |[[Silphium compositum|Silphium compositum]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Ray florets 14–40 |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Corollas white |[[Silphium albiflorum|Silphium albiflorum]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Corollas yellow |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Phyllaries appressed, apices acute to obtuse |[[Silphium terebinthinaceum|Silphium terebinthinaceum]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Phyllaries reflexed or appressed, apices acuminate to caudate |[[Silphium laciniatum|Silphium laciniatum]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Plants taprooted (scapiform; cauline leaves notably smaller distally) |[[#key-0-7| > 7]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Plants fibrous rooted (caulescent; cauline leaves not notably smaller distally) |[[#key-0-8| > 8]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Ray flowers 6–12 |[[Silphium compositum|Silphium compositum]] |-id=key-0-7 |7 |Ray flowers 17–29 |[[Silphium terebinthinaceum|Silphium terebinthinaceum]] |-id=key-0-8 |8 |Leaves (at least proximal leaves) petiolate (never sessile), bases truncate, cordate, auriculate, hastate, or sagittate |[[#key-0-9| > 9]] |-id=key-0-8 |8 |Leaves (proximal and distal) petiolate (blade bases round to tapered) or sessile (blade bases round to cordate) |[[#key-0-10| > 10]] |-id=key-0-9 |9 |Stems glabrous; basal leaves caducous |[[Silphium brachiatum|Silphium brachiatum]] |-id=key-0-9 |9 |Stems hispid; basal leaves persistent |[[Silphium wasiotense|Silphium wasiotense]] |-id=key-0-10 |10 |Phyllaries: abaxial faces usually glabrous (rarely scabrous in outer series) |[[#key-0-11| > 11]] |-id=key-0-10 |10 |Phyllaries: abaxial faces glandular, hirsute, hispid, or scabrous |[[#key-0-12| > 12]] |-id=key-0-11 |11 |Ray florets 20–36+ |[[Silphium integrifolium|Silphium integrifolium]] |-id=key-0-11 |11 |Ray florets 8–17 |[[Silphium asteriscus|Silphium asteriscus]] |-id=key-0-12 |12 |Leaf faces stipitate-glandular |[[Silphium glutinosum|Silphium glutinosum]] |-id=key-0-12 |12 |Leaf faces eglandular |[[#key-0-13| > 13]] |-id=key-0-13 |13 |Basal leaves persistent |[[#key-0-14| > 14]] |-id=key-0-13 |13 |Basal leaves caducous |[[#key-0-15| > 15]] |-id=key-0-14 |14 |Leaf faces shaggy-hispid; phyllaries hispid; corollas pale yellow; cypselae 6–10mm; Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee |[[Silphium mohrii|Silphium mohrii]] |-id=key-0-14 |14 |Leaf faces hirsute, hispid, or scabrous; phyllaries scabrous; corollas bright yellow; cypselae 10–17 mm; Louisiana, Texas |[[Silphium radula|Silphium radula]] |-id=key-0-15 |15 |Cauline leaves opposite (clasping stems) |[[Silphium integrifolium|Silphium integrifolium]] |-id=key-0-15 |15 |Cauline leaves opposite or alternate (not clasping stems) |[[#key-0-16| > 16]] |-id=key-0-16 |16 |Ray florets 20–30+ |[[Silphium radula|Silphium radula]] |-id=key-0-16 |16 |Ray florets 12–20 |[[Silphium asteriscus|Silphium asteriscus]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Silphium |author=Jennifer A. Clevinger |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=subtribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Asteraceae |distribution=North America. |reference=perry1937a |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753;1754 |special status= |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V21_168.xml |tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae |subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae |genus=Silphium }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Asteraceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Silphium.