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You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Fagaceae |accepted_authority=Dumortier |publications= |common_names=Beech Family |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Fagaceae |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Fagaceae]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 3 |mention_page= |treatment_page=page 436 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree duration;tree duration;shrub duration;shrub duration;shrub architecture"><b>Trees </b>or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, shrubs sometimes rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bud season;bud architecture;scale quantity;scale arrangement"><b>Winter </b>buds sessile, with few-to-many imbricate scales (2 valvate scales enclosing imbricate scales in Castanea);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="terminal bud presence;terminal bud presence">terminal bud present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate, spirally arranged, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule duration;stipule fusion;stipule texture">stipules deciduous (usually), distinct, scarious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade architecture;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade lobed or unlobed, pinnately veined, margins serrate, dentate, or entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="surface pubescence">surfaces usually pubescent, at least when young, sometimes with scales.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties=""><b>Inflorescences </b>unisexual or androgynous catkins;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence architecture;catkin reproduction;catkin architecture;catkin architecture;catkin texture;catkin fragility;catkin architecture or arrangement;beak presence;beak presence">staminate and androgynous catkins spicate or capitate, rigid, flexible, or lax, consisting of few to many-flowered clusters, bracts present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="catkin architecture;catkin texture;catkin fragility;terminal cupule quantity;terminal cupule arrangement;terminal cupule architecture or arrangement or growth form;flower quantity;flower architecture">pistillate catkins rigid or flexible, with 1-several spicately arranged, rarely solitary, terminal cupules bearing 1-3 (-15 or more) pistillate flowers.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;flower architecture;beak duration"><b>Staminate </b>flowers bracteate, bracts often caducous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity">sepals (3-) 4-6 (-8);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity">stamens (3-) 6-12 (-18 or more);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="petal presence">petals absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther architecture or structure in adjective form;anther dehiscence;slit dehiscence or orientation;pollen-sac arrangement">anthers 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, pollen-sacs contiguous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pistillode presence;pistillode texture;pistillode prominence">pistillode often present and indurate, or vestigial as central tuft of trichomes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal fusion"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: calyx of 4-6 distinct or connate sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil quantity;pistil architecture">pistil 1, 3 (-6 or more) -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary position">ovary inferior, locules as many as carpels;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;flower placentation">placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule orientation;ovule quantity;locule quantity">ovules pendulous, 2 in each locule, all but 1 in each pistil usually aborting;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="flower architecture;style fusion">styles as many as carpels, distinct to base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma condition or texture">stigmas dry;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode presence;staminode presence">staminodes present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="fruits nut architecture;fruits nut architecture;fruits nut position;fruits nut position;fruits nut atypical quantity;fruits nut quantity;cupule architecture;cupule architecture;cupule architecture"><b>Fruits </b>nuts, sometimes winged, 1-seeded, subtended or enclosed individually or in groups of 2-3 (-15) by scaly or spiny, multibracteate cupule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="seed-coat texture">seed-coat membranous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="endosperm quantity">endosperm none;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s29" data-properties="embryo course">embryo straight, as long as seed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s30" data-properties="cotyledon texture;cotyledon texture;cotyledon coating">cotyledons fleshy, starchy or oily.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Widespread;often dominant forest trees in temperate;subtropical;and tropical areas;mostly Northern Hemisphere |discussion=<p>Genera 9, species probably 600-800 (5 genera, 97 species, and numerous hybrids in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>In the Western Hemisphere, Fagaceae are found from southern Canada to Colombia; they are absent or infrequent in most of the northern Great Plains and northern Rocky Mountain region.</p><!-- --><p>Fagaceae are one of the most important families of Northern Hemisphere woody plants in terms of total biomass and economic use. They are widely used for lumber, firewood, and horticultural plantings; the nuts are often used for animal fodder and, in some species, for human food (particularly Castanea). As dominants in forests, woodlands, and chaparral, native stands of fagaceous trees and shrubs provide optimal wildlife habitat, often harboring an exceptionally diverse insect fauna. Most of the diversity of the family in the Western Hemisphere is concentrated in the genus Quercus, with the greatest number of species in Mexico (at least 125 species), and a secondary area of diversity in the southeastern United States.</p><!-- --><p>Polyploidy has not been reported in any natural populations of species of Fagaceae. Natural interspecific hybridization is common in the family, particularly in Quercus, and also in Castanea and Lithocarpus.</p><!-- --><p>The most important diagnostic feature of Fagaceae is the cupule, which occurs as the cup or cap of the acorn in Quercus and Lithocarpus and the spiny bur that surrounds the fruits of Castanea and Chrysolepis. The cupule is sometimes referred to as an involuc involucre, however, is made up of bracts, while the cupule has been shown to be a complex structure that is interpreted as an indurated, condensed, partial inflorescence formed by fusion of stem axes with several orders of branching, bearing bracts that are modified as scales and/or spines (see B. S. Fey and P. K. Endress 1983).</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=elias1971b |text=Elias, T. S. 1971b. The genera of Fagaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 159-195. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=fey1983a |text=Fey, B. S. and P. K. Endress. 1983. Development and morphological interpretation of the cupule in Fagaceae. Flora 173: 451-468. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=forman1966a |text=Forman, L. L. 1966. On the evolution of cupules in the Fagaceae. Kew Bull. 18: 385-419. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=hjelmquist1948a |text=Hjelmquist, H. 1948. Studies on the floral morphology and phylogeny of the Amentiferae. Bot. Not., Suppl. 2(1): 1-171. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=nixon1989a |text=Nixon, K. C. and W. L. Crepet. 1989. Trigonobalanus (Fagaceae): Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 828-841. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=soepadmo1972a |text=Soepadmo, E. 1972. Fagaceae. In: C. G. G. J. Van Steenis, ed. 1950+. Flora Malesiana.... Series I. Spermatophyta. 11+ vols. in parts. Djakarta and Leiden. Vol. 7, part 2, pp. 265-403. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Fruits acorns, acorn a solitary nut, circular in cross section, at least partially covered by scaly cup, cup unlobed, without visible sutures or valves; scales not noticeably spinose; nut not completely enclosed by cup at maturity (except in Quercus lyrata). |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Fruits of 1-several nuts, nut usually 3-angled or rounded-angular in cross section, enclosed in spiny or prickled cupule; cupule valves 2-4(-8+), distinct or marginally connate along sutures, these ±completely enveloping nut(s) until maturity. |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Cup scales strongly reflexed, hooked at tip; staminate and androgynous inflorescences erect or ascending, rigid or flexible, often appearing terminal and branched |[[Lithocarpus|Lithocarpus]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Cup scales various, or if somewhat reflexed (rarely), then not noticeably hooked at tip; staminate inflorescences lax, axillary or clustered near base of new growth; androgynous inflorescences absent |[[Quercus|Quercus]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Spines/scales of cupule unbranched, stout, not obscuring surface of cupule; inflorescences unisexual (staminate below pistillate on same branch); pistillate flowers (and fruits) typically 2 per cupule; staminate inflorescences lax, loosely capitate; nut sharply angular, slightly winged |[[Fagus|Fagus]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Spines of cupule branched, interlocking and usually obscuring surface of cupule; inflorescences staminate and androgynous (staminate below androgynous on same twig); pistillate flowers (and fruits) 1-3 or many per cupule (rarely but not consistently 2); staminate inflorescences spicate, rigid or flexible; nut angular or rounded, not winged. |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Plants evergreen; leaves thick, leathery, margins entire (rarely spinose in sprouts), secondary veins obscure, not strongly parallel; adjacent nuts separated from each other by internal cupule valves; bud scales imbricate; spines of cupule without simple hairs, with large, yellowish, multicellular glands; styles |[[Chrysolepis|Chrysolepis]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Plants winter-deciduous; leaves thin, somewhat leathery, secondary veins prominent, parallel, ending in prominent marginal teeth or awns; adjacent nuts not separated by cupule valves within cupule; buds with 2 unequal opposite outer scales that cover several imbricate inner scales; spines of cupule densely or sparsely with simple hairs; styles 6 or more |[[Castanea|Castanea]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Fagaceae |author=Kevin C. Nixon |authority=Dumortier |rank=family |parent rank= |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Fagaceae |illustrator=John Myers |distribution=Widespread;often dominant forest trees in temperate;subtropical;and tropical areas;mostly Northern Hemisphere |reference=elias1971b;fey1983a;forman1966a;hjelmquist1948a;nixon1989a;soepadmo1972a |publication title= |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_591.xml |anther architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular |anther dehiscence=dehiscing |beak duration=caducous |beak presence=absent;absent |bud architecture=sessile |bud season=winter |catkin architecture=pistillate;capitate;spicate |catkin architecture or arrangement=lax |catkin fragility=pliable;pliable |catkin reproduction=androgynous |catkin texture=rigid;rigid |cotyledon coating=oily |cotyledon texture=starchy;fleshy |cupule architecture=multibracteate;spiny;scaly |embryo course=straight |endosperm quantity=none |flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;bracteate;staminate;pistillate |flower placentation=axile |flower quantity=1;3 |fruits nut architecture=1-seeded;winged |fruits nut atypical quantity=3;15 |fruits nut position=in groups;enclosed |fruits nut quantity=2;3 |inflorescence architecture=staminate |inflorescence reproduction=androgynous;unisexual |leaf architecture=simple |leaf arrangement=arranged;alternate |leaf-blade architecture=veined |leaf-blade shape=unlobed;lobed |locule quantity=1 |margin architecture or shape=entire;dentate;serrate |ovary position=inferior |ovule orientation=pendulous |ovule quantity=2 |petal presence=absent;absent |petiole presence=absent |pistil architecture=3-carpellate |pistil quantity=1 |pistillode presence=absent |pistillode prominence=vestigial |pistillode texture=indurate |pollen-sac arrangement=contiguous |scale arrangement=imbricate |scale quantity=few-to-many |seed-coat texture=membranous |sepal atypical quantity=6;8 |sepal fusion=connate;distinct |sepal quantity=4;6 |shrub architecture=rhizomatous |shrub duration=deciduous;evergreen |slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal |stamen atypical quantity=3;6 |stamen quantity=6;12 |staminode presence=absent;absent |stigma condition or texture=dry |stipule duration=deciduous |stipule fusion=distinct |stipule texture=scarious |style fusion=distinct |surface pubescence=pubescent |terminal bud presence=absent;absent |terminal cupule architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |terminal cupule arrangement=arranged |terminal cupule quantity=1;several |tree duration=deciduous;evergreen }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]] Templates used on this page: Fagaceae Illustrations (view source) Template:Fagaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Fagaceae.