View source for Papaver

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Papaver
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 506. 175
}}{{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 224. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Poppy;pavot
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Papaveraceae;Papaver
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Papaveraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Papaver]]</div></div>
|etymology=classical Latin name for poppy; perhaps from Greek papa (pap), alluding to the thick, sometimes milky sap
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;herb duration;herb duration;herb duration;herb duration;herb architecture;herb architecture"><b>Herbs,</b> annual, biennial, or perennial, scapose or caulescent, from taproots;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="sap coloration;sap coloration;sap coloration;sap coloration;sap coloration">sap white, orange, or red.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>when present leafy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="basal leaf arrangement;basal leaf architecture"><b>Leaves:</b> basal rosulate, petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="cauline leaf arrangement;proximal leaf architecture;distal leaf architecture;distal leaf architecture;distal leaf architecture or fixation">cauline alternate, proximal leaves petiolate, distal subsessile or sessile, sometimes clasping (in P. somniferum);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape">blade unlobed or 1-3× pinnately lobed or parted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape">margins entire or toothed, scalloped, or incised.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;flower arrangement;scape length or size"><b>Inflorescences </b>cymiform, with flowers disposed in 1s, 2s or 3s on long scapes or peduncles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="beak presence">bracts present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bud orientation">buds nodding [erect].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal fusion"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals 2 (-3), distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal atypical quantity;petal quantity">petals 4 (-6);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens many;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil 3-18 [-22] -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary architecture">ovary 1-locular, sometimes incompletely multilocular by placental intrusion;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style presence">style absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma atypical quantity;stigma quantity;stigma arrangement;stigma pubescence;disc architecture;disc shape">stigmas 3-18 [-22], radiating on sessile, ± lobed disc, velvety.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="capsule orientation;capsule architecture;stigmatic disc duration;stigmatic disc duration"><b>Capsules </b>erect, 3-18 [-22] -pored or short-valved immediately beneath persistent or sometimes deciduous (in P. hybridum) stigmatic disc.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed quantity;seed relief"><b>Seeds </b>many, minutely pitted, aril absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="aril presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Temperate and arctic North America;Eurasia;n;s Africa;Australia
|discussion=<p>Species 70-100 (16 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Papaver is rich in alkaloids, notably opiates. The genus is quite complex cytologically; in addition to diploids, there are numerous polyploid species and some that apparently are aneuploid. Most commonly, n = 7 or a multiple, and 2n ranges from 14 to over 100. There are published chromosome counts for almost every taxon in the flora, but for the introduced species none has been made from wild-collected North American material.</p><!--
--><p>The scapose poppies in the flora are native; the caulescent ones, except Papaver californicum, are introduced Eurasian ornamentals, crop weeds, and ballast waifs. All the scapose species are confined to arctic and alpine habitats. Plants of the introduced caulescent species, especially P. rhoeas, P. dubium, and P. somniferum, vary greatly in size, and surprisingly diminutive mature individuals are sometimes found, especially northward.</p><!--
--><p>Excluded species:</p><!--
--><p>Papaver dahlianum Nordhagen, Bergens Mus. Årbok 2: 46. 1931</p><!--
--><p>Papaver radicatum Rottbfll subsp. dahlianum (Nordhagen) Rändel</p><!--
--><p>We regard this species as being restricted to arctic Europe, a narrower circumscription than U. Rändel's (1977).</p><!--
--><p>Papaver microcarpum de Candolle, Syst. Nat. 2: 71. 1821</p><!--
--><p>We are so far unable to substantiate D. Löve's (1969) report of this essentially Asiatic species "from Seward and Kenai peninsulas in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands."</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=kadereit1988b
|text=Kadereit, J. W. 1988. Sectional affinities and geographical distribution in the genus Papaver L. (Papaveraceae). Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 63: 139-156.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kadereit1990a
|text=Kadereit, J. W. 1990. Some suggestions on the geographical origin of the central, west and north European synanthropic species of Papaver L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 103: 221-231.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kiger1973a
|text=Kiger, R. W. 1973. Sectional nomenclature in Papaver L. Taxon 22: 579-582.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kiger1975a
|text=Kiger, R. W. 1975. Papaver in North America north of Mexico. Rhodora 77: 410-422.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kiger1985a
|text=Kiger, R. W. 1985. Revised sectional nomenclature in Papaver L. Taxon 34: 150-152.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=novak1987a
|text=Novák, J. and V. Preininger. 1987. Chemotaxonomic review of the genus Papaver. Preslia 59: 1-13.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants caulescent (sometimes subscapose), at least a few cauline leaves present.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants strictly scapose, leaves all basal (sect. Meconella).
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Blades of distal leaves clasping stem (sect. Papaver).
|[[Papaver somniferum|Papaver somniferum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Blades of distal leaves not clasping stem.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Capsules setose (sect. Argemonideum).
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Capsules glabrous.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Capsules obovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, densely and firmly setose.
|[[Papaver hybridum|Papaver hybridum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Capsules oblong to clavate, sparsely and weakly setose.
|[[Papaver argemone|Papaver argemone]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants perennial; flowers 10 cm or more broad (sect. Macrantha).
|[[Papaver orientale|Papaver orientale]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Plants annual; flowers less than 10 cm broad.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Peduncles glabrous or sparsely pilose; petals with greenish basal spot; stigmatic disc conic, usually umbonate; capsules distinctly short-valvate (sect. Californicum).
|[[Papaver californicum|Papaver californicum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Peduncles hispid; petals unspotted or with dark basal spot; stigmatic disc ± flat; capsules poricidal (sect. Rhoeadium).
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Peduncles markedly spreading-hispid distally; capsules less than 2 times longer than broad.
|[[Papaver rhoeas|Papaver rhoeas]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Peduncles strongly appressed-hispid distally; capsules 2 times or more longer than broad.
|[[Papaver dubium|Papaver dubium]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades mostly with 3 primary lobes.
|[[Papaver walpolei|Papaver walpolei]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades with 5–many primary lobes.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Capsules more than 4 times longer than broad.
|[[Papaver macounii|Papaver macounii]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Capsules 1–2.5 times longer than broad.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Trichomes on capsules ivory colored.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Trichomes on capsules light to dark brown or black.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Plants tall, seldom less than 2 dm.
|[[Papaver nudicaule|Papaver nudicaule]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Plants short, seldom more than 1.5 dm.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaf blades setose.
|[[Papaver alboroseum|Papaver alboroseum]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaf blades glabrous or sparsely hirsute.
|[[Papaver pygmaeum|Papaver pygmaeum]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades mostly with 5 primary lobes, lobes mostly simple.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades with more than 5 primary lobes, lobes mostly divided.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Primary leaf lobes oblanceolate to strap-shaped.
|[[Papaver gorodkovii|Papaver gorodkovii]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Primary leaf lobes broadly lanceolate to ovate.
|[[Papaver radicatum|Papaver radicatum]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Scapes straight, erect, generally longer than 20 cm; capsules oblong-ellipsoid.
|[[Papaver lapponicum|Papaver lapponicum]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Scapes curved, erect or decumbent, less than 15 cm, capsules obconic to subglobose.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaf blades generally green, not glaucous, primary lobes lanceolate, their apices acute to obtuse.
|[[Papaver radicatum|Papaver radicatum]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaf blades generally gray- and blue-green, glaucous, primary lobes obovate to strap-shaped, their apices rounded.
|[[Papaver mcconnellii|Papaver mcconnellii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Papaver
|author=
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Papaveraceae
|distribution=Temperate and arctic North America;Eurasia;n;s Africa;Australia
|reference=kadereit1988b;kadereit1990a;kiger1973a;kiger1975a;kiger1985a;novak1987a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_547.xml
|genus=Papaver
|aril presence=absent
|basal leaf architecture=petiolate
|basal leaf arrangement=rosulate
|beak presence=absent
|blade shape=parted;lobed;1-3×pinnately;unlobed
|bud orientation=nodding
|capsule architecture=short-valved
|capsule orientation=erect
|cauline leaf arrangement=alternate
|disc architecture=sessile
|disc shape=lobed
|distal leaf architecture=sessile;subsessile
|distal leaf architecture or fixation=clasping
|flower arrangement=disposed
|herb architecture=caulescent;scapose
|herb duration=perennial;biennial;perennial;biennial;annual
|inflorescence architecture=cymiform
|margin shape=incised;scalloped;toothed;entire;incised;scalloped;toothed;entire;incised;scalloped;toothed;entire
|ovary architecture=multilocular
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|petal atypical quantity=4;6
|petal quantity=4
|pistil architecture=3-18[-22]-carpellate
|proximal leaf architecture=petiolate
|sap coloration=red;orange;red;orange;white
|scape length or size=long
|seed quantity=many
|seed relief=pitted
|sepal atypical quantity=2;3
|sepal fusion=distinct
|sepal quantity=2
|stamen quantity=many
|stem architecture=leafy
|stigma arrangement=radiating
|stigma atypical quantity=18;22
|stigma pubescence=velvety
|stigma quantity=3;18
|stigmatic disc duration=deciduous;persistent
|style presence=absent
|x chromosome quantity=7
}}<!--

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