View source for Quercus bicolor

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Quercus bicolor
|accepted_authority=Willdenow in G. H. E. Muhlenberg
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in G. H. E. Muhlenberg, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften
|place=3: 396. 1801
|year=1801
}}
|common_names=Swamp white oak;chêne bicolore
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Selected by author to be illustrated
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Dippel
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=Dippel
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Variety
|authority=A. de Candolle
}}{{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Species
|authority=unknown
}}
|hierarchy=Fagaceae;Quercus;Quercus sect. Quercus;Quercus bicolor
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Fagaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Quercus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>section</small>[[Quercus sect. Quercus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Quercus bicolor]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree duration;tree some measurement"><b>Trees,</b> deciduous, to 30 m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark architecture or pubescence;bark shape"><b>Bark </b>dark gray, scaly or flat-ridged.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="twig coloration;twig coloration;twig diameter;twig diameter;twig pubescence"><b>Twigs </b>light-brown or tan, 2-3 (-4) mm diam., glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="bud coloration;bud coloration;bud shape;bud shape;bud shape;bud some measurement;bud pubescence"><b>Buds </b>light or dark-brown, globose to ovoid, 2-3 mm, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole atypical some measurement;petiole atypical some measurement;petiole some measurement"><b>Leaves:</b> petiole (4-) 10-25 (-30) mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade atypical length;leaf-blade atypical length;leaf-blade length;leaf-blade atypical width;leaf-blade atypical width;leaf-blade width;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;secondary-vein orientation or shape;secondary-vein arrangement;secondary-vein atypical quantity;secondary-vein quantity;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade obovate to narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, (79-) 120-180 (-215) × (40-) 70-110 (-160) mm, base narrowly cuneate to acute, margins regularly toothed, or entire with teeth in distal 1/2 only, or moderately to deeply lobed, or sometimes lobed proximally and toothed distally, secondary-veins arched, divergent, (3-) 5-7 on each side, apex broadly rounded or ovate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="surface coloration;surface coloration;surface pubescence;surface coloration;surface reflectance;surface pubescence;hair size;hair prominence or shape;hair arrangement or shape;hair orientation">surfaces abaxially light green or whitish, with minute, flat, appressed-stellate hairs and erect, 1-4-rayed hairs, velvety to touch, adaxially dark green, glossy, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="acorn atypical some measurement;acorn some measurement;axillary peduncle width;axillary peduncle atypical some measurement;axillary peduncle some measurement"><b>Acorns </b>1-3 (-5) mm, on thin axillary peduncle (20-) 40-70 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="cup shape;cup shape;cup width;cup width;nut quantity;scale fixation or orientation;scale coloration;scale pubescence;awn height or length or size;awn fragility or size;awn orientation;awn architecture;awn architecture or shape">cup hemispheric or turbinate, 10-15 mm deep × 15-25 mm wide, enclosing 1/2-3/4 nut, scales closely appressed, finely grayish tomentose, those near rim of cup often with short, stout, irregularly recurved and sometimes branched, spinose awns emerging from tubercle;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="nut coloration;nut shape;nut shape;nut atypical length;nut atypical length;nut length;nut width;nut pubescence">nut light-brown, ovoid-ellipsoid or oblong, (12-) 15-21 (-25) × 9-18 mm, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties=""><b>Cotyledons </b>distinct.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="cotyledon fusion;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 24.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering in spring.
|habitat=Low swamp forests, moist slopes, poorly drained uplands
|elevation=0-1000 m
|distribution=Ont.;Que.;Ala.;Conn.;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;Tenn.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.
|discussion=<p>Putative hybrids between Quercus bicolor and Q. macrocarpa are common in areas of contact. The hybrids tend to have more deeply lobed leaves and varying degrees of development of awns as a fringe along the margin of the acorn cup. Such characteristics occur sporadically throughout many populations of Q. bicolor; in some cases they may occur because of subtle introgression.</p><!--
--><p>The Iroquois used Quercus bicolor in the treatment of cholera, broken bones, consumption, and as a witchcraft medicine (D. E. Moerman 1986).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Quercus bicolor
|author=
|authority=Willdenow in G. H. E. Muhlenberg
|rank=species
|parent rank=section
|synonyms=Variety;Variety;Variety;Species
|basionyms=
|family=Fagaceae
|phenology=Flowering in spring.
|habitat=Low swamp forests, moist slopes, poorly drained uplands
|elevation=0-1000 m
|distribution=Ont.;Que.;Ala.;Conn.;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;Tenn.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.
|reference=None
|publication title=in G. H. E. Muhlenberg, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften
|publication year=1801
|special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_385.xml
|genus=Quercus
|section=Quercus sect. Quercus
|species=Quercus bicolor
|2n chromosome quantity=24
|acorn atypical some measurement=3mm;5mm
|acorn some measurement=1mm;3mm
|apex shape=ovate;rounded
|awn architecture=branched
|awn architecture or shape=spinose
|awn fragility or size=stout
|awn height or length or size=short
|awn orientation=recurved
|axillary peduncle atypical some measurement=20mm;40mm
|axillary peduncle some measurement=40mm;70mm
|axillary peduncle width=thin
|bark architecture or pubescence=scaly
|bark coloration=dark gray
|bark shape=flat-ridged
|base shape=narrowly cuneate;acute
|bud coloration=dark-brown;light
|bud pubescence=glabrous
|bud shape=globose;ovoid
|bud some measurement=2mm;3mm
|cotyledon fusion=distinct
|cup shape=turbinate;hemispheric
|cup width=×15-25;10mm;15mm
|hair arrangement or shape=appressed-stellate
|hair orientation=erect
|hair prominence or shape=flat
|hair size=minute
|leaf-blade atypical length=180mm;215mm
|leaf-blade atypical width=110mm;160mm
|leaf-blade length=120mm;180mm
|leaf-blade shape=obovate;narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate
|leaf-blade width=70mm;110mm
|margin shape=toothed;lobed;lobed;entire;toothed;entire;toothed
|nut atypical length=21mm;25mm
|nut coloration=light-brown
|nut length=15mm;21mm
|nut pubescence=glabrous
|nut quantity=1/2;3/4
|nut shape=oblong;ovoid-ellipsoid
|nut width=9mm;18mm
|petiole atypical some measurement=25mm;30mm
|petiole some measurement=10mm;25mm
|scale coloration=grayish
|scale fixation or orientation=appressed
|scale pubescence=tomentose
|secondary-vein arrangement=divergent
|secondary-vein atypical quantity=3;5
|secondary-vein orientation or shape=arched
|secondary-vein quantity=5;7
|surface coloration=dark green;whitish;light green
|surface pubescence=glabrous;velvety
|surface reflectance=glossy
|tree duration=deciduous
|tree some measurement=0m;30m
|twig coloration=tan;light-brown
|twig diameter=2mm;3mm
|twig pubescence=glabrous
}}<!--

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