View source for Aquilegia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Aquilegia
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 533. 175
}}{{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 237. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Columbine;ancolie
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Ranunculaceae;Aquilegia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ranunculaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Aquilegia]]</div></div>
|etymology=derivation disputed; possibly Greek aqua, water, and legere, to draw or collect, because of the wet habitat of some species or quantity of liquid nectar borne in spurs, or Latin aquila, eagle, because of similarity in shape of curved spurs of some European species to an eagle's talons
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;slender rhizome texture"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, from slender woody rhizomes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;proximal leaf architecture;distal leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate, distal leaves sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="cauline leaf arrangement">cauline leaves alternate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf-blade architecture;leaflet shape;leaflet shape;margin shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade 1-3×-ternately compound, leaflets lobed or parted, margins crenate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;cyme architecture;cyme some measurement;flower architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form;flower some measurement"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, 1-10-flowered cymes or solitary flowers, to 30 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="beak architecture or shape">bracts leaflike, not forming involucre.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, radially symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal some measurement;fruit quantity">sepals not persistent in fruit, 5, white to blue, yellow, or red, plane, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, 7-51 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal some measurement;spur orientation;spur shape;apex shape">petals 5, distinct, white to blue, yellow, or red, oblong to rounded or spatulate blade, 0-30 mm, base backward-pointing tubular spur, apex plane;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="tip size">nectary in ± enlarged tip of spur;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens many;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="filament shape">filaments filiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="staminode shape;staminode presence">scalelike staminodes usually present between stamens and pistils;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture">pistils 5-10, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules many per pistil;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="beak presence">beak present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruits follicle architecture;fruits follicle architecture;fruits follicle shape;side architecture"><b>Fruits </b>follicles, aggregate, sessile, cylindric, sides prominently veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="beak position or structure subtype;beak course;beak some measurement">beak terminal, straight, 3-26 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>black, obovoid, smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed coloration;seed shape;seed architecture or pubescence or relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Circumboreal
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 70 (21 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Species of Aquilegia are polymorphic and difficult to define adequately. Some of the variability is because of introgressive hybridization. Even distantly related species of columbine are often freely interfertile, and many cases of natural hybridization and introgression are known from North America. Only the most important are mentioned below. In arid areas Aquilegia species tend to form small populations often completely isolated from one another. This leads to local fixation of genes and therefore increased variability in species such as A. micrantha and A. desertorum. In addition, populations with spurless petals are occasionally found in many species.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=munz1946a
|text=Munz, P. A. 1946. The cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=payson1918a
|text=Payson, E. B. 1918. The North American species of Aquilegia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 133-157.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spurs hooked, 3-22 mm; sepals white or blue.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spurs straight or nearly so (sometimes tips incurved in A. flavescens), 8-180 mm; sepals blue, white, cream, yellow, pink, or red (A. flavescens with yellow or pink sepals).
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Spurs 14-22 mm; introduced species, at low elevations (0-1500 m).
|[[Aquilegia vulgaris|Aquilegia vulgaris]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Spurs 3-10 mm; native, at high elevations or high latitudes.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Basal leaves much shorter than stems.
|[[Aquilegia brevistyla|Aquilegia brevistyla]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Basal leaves about as long as stems.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals and spurs white or nearly so; Wyoming.
|[[Aquilegia laramiensis|Aquilegia laramiensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals and spurs blue; Colorado.
|[[Aquilegia saximontana|Aquilegia saximontana]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals and spurs blue, white, cream, reddish purple, or occasionally pink (if pink then with no trace of yellow); flowers usually erect (sometimes nodding in A. micrantha); spurs slender (stout at least proximally in A. jonesii), evenly tapered from base.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepals and spurs yellow, pink and yellow, or red; flowers erect or nodding; spur shape various.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaflets viscid.
|[[Aquilegia micrantha|Aquilegia micrantha]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaflets not viscid.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spurs 8-15 mm.
|[[Aquilegia jonesii|Aquilegia jonesii]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Spurs 25-70(-72) mm.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaflets glaucous on both sides, 5-14 mm, crowded (primary petiolules 3-15 mm); spurs 25-40 mm.
|[[Aquilegia scopulorum|Aquilegia scopulorum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaflets green adaxially, 13-42(-61) mm, not crowded, primary petiolules (10-)20-70 mm; spurs 28-72 mm.
|[[Aquilegia coerulea|Aquilegia coerulea]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Sepals red (at least proximally); spurs red (red proximally, then pink in A. shockleyi), stout (at least proximally), abruptly narrowed near middle, 12-32 mm; flowers nodding or pendent.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Sepals and spurs yellow or pink; spurs slender (except for A. flavescens and A. barnebyi), evenly tapered from base (sometimes abruptly narrowed near middle in A. flavescens and A. micrantha), 10-180 mm; flowers usually erect, sometimes nodding.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sepals perpendicular to floral axis; petal blades 0-6 mm.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sepals parallel to or divergent from floral axis; petal blades 4-12 mm.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Mouth of spur cut obliquely backward; stamens 17-30 mm.
|[[Aquilegia eximia|Aquilegia eximia]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Mouth of spur truncate or with short blade; stamens 12-17 mm.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaflets glaucous on both sides; petal blades 2-5 mm.
|[[Aquilegia shockleyi|Aquilegia shockleyi]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaflets green adaxially; petal blades 0-6 mm.
|[[Aquilegia formosa|Aquilegia formosa]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Sepals red proximally, yellow-green distally, not much longer than petal blades; stamens 8-14 mm.
|[[Aquilegia elegantula|Aquilegia elegantula]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Sepals red or apex green or yellow-green, about 2 times length of petal blades; stamens 14-23 mm.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Blades of petals pale yellow or yellow-green; basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, leaflets to 17-52 mm; e North America, w to c Texas.
|[[Aquilegia canadensis|Aquilegia canadensis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Blades of petals yellow or red and yellow; basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, leaflets to 9-26(-32) mm; Arizona, New Mexico, Utah.
|[[Aquilegia desertorum|Aquilegia desertorum]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spurs 42-180 mm.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spurs 10-40 mm.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Spurs 72-180 mm; petal blades spatulate.
|[[Aquilegia longissima|Aquilegia longissima]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Spurs 42-70 mm; petal blades oblong, not much broadened distally.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Sepals 14-18 mm wide.
|[[Aquilegia hinckleyana|Aquilegia hinckleyana]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Sepals 5-10 mm wide.
|[[Aquilegia chrysantha|Aquilegia chrysantha]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Spurs yellow, stout, ± incurved, 10-18 mm; flowers nodding.
|[[Aquilegia flavescens|Aquilegia flavescens]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Spurs yellow to pink or cream, slender, straight, 15-40 mm; flowers erect to nodding.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Beak 15-18 mm; sepals 9-19 mm, yellow; se New Mexico, w Texas.
|[[Aquilegia chaplinei|Aquilegia chaplinei]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Beak 8-12 mm; sepals not as above: either cream or pink or if yellow, then (15-)20-25 mm; Colorado, Arizona to California.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Sepals (15-)20-25 mm, petal blades 8-17 mm, spurs 25-40 mm; flowers erect; California.
|[[Aquilegia pubescens|Aquilegia pubescens]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Sepals 8-20 mm, petal blades 6-10 mm, spurs 14-30 mm; flowers nodding or erect; Colorado, Arizona, Utah.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Leaflets viscid, green adaxially.
|[[Aquilegia micrantha|Aquilegia micrantha]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Leaflets not viscid, glaucous on both surfaces.
|[[Aquilegia barnebyi|Aquilegia barnebyi]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Aquilegia
|author=Alan T. Whittemore
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Ranunculaceae
|distribution=Circumboreal
|reference=munz1946a;payson1918a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_330.xml
|genus=Aquilegia
|apex shape=plane
|beak architecture or shape=leaflike
|beak course=straight
|beak position or structure subtype=terminal
|beak presence=absent
|beak some measurement=3mm;26mm
|cauline leaf arrangement=alternate
|cyme architecture=1-10-flowered
|cyme some measurement=0cm;30cm
|distal leaf architecture=sessile
|filament shape=filiform
|flower architecture=1-10-flowered
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower architecture or shape=symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|flower some measurement=0cm;30cm
|fruit quantity=5
|fruits follicle architecture=sessile;aggregate
|fruits follicle shape=cylindric
|herb duration=perennial
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|leaf-blade architecture=compound
|leaflet shape=parted;lobed
|margin shape=crenate
|ovule quantity=many
|petal coloration=white;blue yellow or red
|petal fusion=distinct
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=oblong;rounded or spatulate
|petal some measurement=0mm;30mm
|pistil architecture=simple
|pistil quantity=5;10
|proximal leaf architecture=petiolate
|seed architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|seed coloration=black
|seed shape=obovoid
|sepal coloration=white;blue yellow or red
|sepal duration=not persistent
|sepal shape=short-clawed;narrowly ovate;oblong-lanceolate
|sepal some measurement=7mm;51mm
|side architecture=veined
|slender rhizome texture=woody
|spur orientation=backward-pointing
|spur shape=tubular
|stamen quantity=many
|staminode presence=absent
|staminode shape=scale-like
|tip size=enlarged
|x chromosome quantity=7
}}<!--

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