View source for Viola vallicola

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Viola vallicola
|accepted_authority=A. Nelson
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|place=26: 128. 1899
|year=1899
}}
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Crocion vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) Nieuwland & Lunell
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Viola nuttallii subsp. vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. nuttallii var. vallicola
|authority=(A. Nelson) H. St. John
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. physalodes
|authority=B. Boivin
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. russellii
|authority=Suksdorf
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=V. subsagittifolia
|authority=unknown
}}
|hierarchy=Violaceae;Viola;Viola vallicola
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Viola]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Viola vallicola]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 118, 132, 140, 146, 163
|treatment_page=page 162
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–18 cm. <b>Stems</b> 1–5, decumbent or ascending to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrate to puberulent, on caudex from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome. <b>Leaves</b> basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, sometimes divided into filiform processes; petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate, margins entire or serrulate, sometimes sinuate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2 of leaf), apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, margins ± entire, apex acute; petiole 1.5–9.2 cm; blade ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, 2.3–4 × 1–2 cm, length ca. 2.2 times width, base usually ± truncate to subcordate, sometimes attenuate on new leaves, margins sinuate, apex acute. <b>Peduncles</b> 3–11.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent. <b>Flowers</b>: sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially or on both surfaces, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown- to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 9–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.8–1.2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. <b>Capsules</b> spherical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent. <b>Seeds</b> tan, 2.1–2.2 mm, elaiosome extending beyond and covering funiculus. <b>2n</b> = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering late Mar–early Jul.
|habitat=Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands
|elevation=400–2800 m
|distribution=B.C.;Sask.;Colo.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;S.Dak.;Wyo.
|discussion=<p>D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) distinguished two varieties of <i>Viola vallicola</i> based on geographic location and type of leaf flavonoids: 1) <i></i>var.<i> major</i> (Hooker) Fabijan, occurring west of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids primarily kaempferol derivatives; and 2) <i></i>var.<i> vallicola</i> occurring east of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids all apigenin derivatives. Fabijan et al. reported that <i></i>var.<i> major</i> (valley violet) occurs in sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands, 400–2800 m, in Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, <i>Nevada</i>, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.</p><!--
--><p>M. S. Baker (1957) noted that there is only a tendency for leaves of <i>Viola vallicola</i> to be wide with truncate bases; on some plants only a few leaves are truncate. Images of type specimens at NY show truncate leaf bases for most basal and cauline leaves, with only some cauline leaves being attenuate. The key to <i>V. vallicola</i> in D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) described the cauline leaf bases as truncate with some later cauline leaves becoming cuneate. G. Davidse (1976) stated that the <i>V. vallicola</i> plants he studied had cordate to truncate leaf bases; he made no distinction between basal and cauline leaves. Baker stated that <i>V. vallicola</i> may have given rise to <i>V. nuttallii</i> through a doubling of its chromosomes.</p><!--
--><p>Because intermediate leaf forms are found in areas where <i>Viola vallicola</i> and <i>V. nuttallii</i> are sympatric, some question the specific status of <i>V. vallicola</i>. No hybrids involving <i>V. nuttallii</i> and <i>V. vallicola</i> are known (D. M. Fabijan et al. 1987).</p><!--
--><p>V. Harms (pers. comm.) reported that <i>Viola vallicola</i> is frequent in southern Saskatchewan grasslands, usually occurring with <i>V. nuttallii</i> and appearing the more frequent of the two.</p><!--
--><p>Observed pollinators of <i>Viola vallicola</i> in the intermountain region include flies in the genera Bombylius Linnaeus and Eristalis Latreille (G. Davidse 1976).</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Viola vallicola
|author=
|authority=A. Nelson
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Crocion vallicola;Viola nuttallii subsp. vallicola;V. nuttallii var. vallicola;V. physalodes;V. russellii;V. subsagittifolia
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|phenology=Flowering late Mar–early Jul.
|habitat=Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands
|elevation=400–2800 m
|distribution=B.C.;Sask.;Colo.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;S.Dak.;Wyo.
|reference=None
|publication title=Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
|publication year=1899
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V6/V6_295.xml
|genus=Viola
|species=Viola vallicola
}}<!--

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