View source for Celastraceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Celastraceae
|accepted_authority=R. Brown
|publications=
|common_names=Staff-tree or Bittersweet Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Celastraceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Celastraceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 112, 119
|treatment_page=page 111
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> shrubs, trees, or vines, annual or perennial, deciduous or evergreen, synoecious, dioecious, or polygamomonoecious. <b>Leaves</b> alternate, subopposite, opposite, whorled, or fascicled, simple; stipules absent or present; petiole present or absent; blade margins serrate, dentate, spiny, or entire; venation pinnate, palmate, or 1-veined, sometimes obscure. <b>Inflorescences</b> unisexual or bisexual, terminal or axillary, cymes, racemes, panicles, thyrses, or fascicles, or flowers solitary. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetric or weakly asymmetric; perianth and androecium hypogynous or perigynous; hypanthium free, completely adnate to ovary, or absent; sepals (3–)4–5[–7], distinct or connate proximally; petals 0 or (3–)4–5[–7], distinct; nectary present, rudimentary, or absent; stamens 3–5[–10], distinct, free or adnate to nectary; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; staminodes 0 or [4–]5[–7]; pistil 1, 1–5-carpellate, ovary superior often embedded in nectary to 1/2 inferior, 1–5-locular, placentation axile or parietal; ovules 1–2[–4] or 100–2000+ per locule, anatropous; styles 0, 1, or 3, connate proximally; stigmas 2–5. <b>Fruits</b> capsules, dehiscence loculicidal, drupes, or nutlike (small, hard-walled, indehiscent, 1-locular, and 1-seeded) [berries or samaras]. <b>Seeds</b> 1, 2, 40–70, or 100–2000+ per locule, often winged or covered by brightly colored pulpy aril.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia.
|discussion=<p>Genera ca. 100, species ca. 1400 (12 genera, 34 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>As treated here, Celastraceae include Hippocrateaceae Jussieu and Parnassiaceae Martinov. Both DNA sequence data and morphology place <i>Hippocratea</i> and its relatives nested within Celastraceae as subfam. Hippocrateoideae Lindley (M. P. Simmons et al. 2001; Simmons 2004, 2004b). Placement of Parnassiaceae (<i>Lepuropetalon</i> and <i>Parnassia</i>) is less certain. The group has long been associated with Saxifragaceae (such as by J. D. Hooker 1865b, A. Cronquist 1981), but broad-scale phylogenetic analyses utilizing DNA sequences have aligned Parnassiaceae with Celastraceae, either as a sister family or as a basal member of Celastraceae (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; Simmons et al. 2001b; Simmons 2004; Zhang L. B. and Simmons 2006). Including Parnassiaceae within Celastraceae follows APGIII (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009).</p><!--
--><p><i>Glossopetalon</i> (sometimes under the illegitimate name Forsellesia Greene), included within Celastraceae in many local floras in North America, belongs in Crossosomataceae (R. F. Thorne and R. Scogin 1978; V. Sosa and M. W. Chase 2003); see Flora of North America North of Mexico, volume 9, page 9.</p><!--
--><p>Some members of Celastraceae are of economic importance. Species of <i>Celastrus</i>, <i>Euonymus</i>, <i>Maytenus</i>, and <i>Paxistima</i> are grown as ornamentals, and <i>Euonymus</i>, <i>Hippocratea</i>, and <i>Maytenus</i> have medicinal uses.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=brizicky1964a
|text=Brizicky, G. K. 1964. The genera of Celastraceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 206–234.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Herbs; staminodes opposite petals.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perennials; petals 3–22 mm, usually longer than sepals; stigmas 4; capsules 4-valved.
|[[Parnassia|Parnassia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Annuals; petals 0–0.4 mm, much shorter than sepals; stigmas 3; capsules 3-valved.
|[[Lepuropetalon|Lepuropetalon]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Shrubs, trees, or vines; staminodes alternate with petals or 0.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Vines.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants climbing by adventitious roots; sepals and petals 4; ovaries and capsules 4-locular.
|[[Euonymus|Euonymus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants twining or clambering; sepals and petals 5; ovaries and capsules 3-locular.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves opposite, persistent; seeds 5–6 per locule, winged, arils absent.
|[[Hippocratea|Hippocratea]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves alternate, deciduous; seeds 2 per locule, not winged, arils red.
|[[Celastrus|Celastrus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Shrubs or trees.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves caducous, plants appearing leafless, blades 1–2 mm; fruits capsules, apices beaked.
|[[Canotia|Canotia]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves deciduous or persistent, blades 3–160 mm; fruits capsules, drupes, or nutlike, apices not beaked except when nutlike.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves alternate or fascicled.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sepals, petals, and stamens 4; fruits drupes.
|[[Schaefferia|Schaefferia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; fruits capsules or nutlike.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Fruits capsules; arils red; inflorescences axillary; leaf blade venation pinnate.
|[[Maytenus|Maytenus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Fruits nutlike; arils absent; inflorescences terminal; leaf blades 1-veined.
|[[Mortonia|Mortonia]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves opposite or whorled.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaves deciduous; arils yellow, orange, or red.
|[[Euonymus|Euonymus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaves persistent; arils white, yellow, or absent.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Branchlets terete; ovaries 4-locular; stigmas 4; fruits red drupes.
|[[Crossopetalum|Crossopetalum]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Branchlets 4-angled; ovaries 2-locular; stigmas 2; fruits capsules or bluish black drupes.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Shrubs or trees, to 8 m; flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); fruits drupes.
|[[Gyminda|Gyminda]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Shrubs, 0.1–1 m; flowers bisexual; fruits capsules.
|[[Paxistima|Paxistima]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Celastraceae
|author=Jinshuang Ma;Peter W. Ball;Geoffrey A. Levin
|authority=R. Brown
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Celastraceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia.
|reference=brizicky1964a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V12/V12_141.xml
}}<!--

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