View source for Cirsium vulgare

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cirsium vulgare
|accepted_authority=(Savi) Tenore
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Napol.
|place=5: 209. 1835
|year=1835
}}
|common_names=Bull or common or spear thistle;gros chardon;chardon vulgaire ou lancéolé;piqueux
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Carduus vulgaris
|authority=Savi
|publication_title=Fl. Pis.
|publication_place=2: 241. 1798
}} {{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Carduus lanceolatus
|authority=Linnaeus
|publication_title=
|publication_place=1753
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cardueae;Cirsium;Cirsium vulgare
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cardueae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cirsium]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Cirsium vulgare]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 96, 99, 100
|treatment_page=page 109
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Biennials,</b> 30–200(–300) cm; taproots. <b>Stems</b> 1–many, erect or ascending, branches few–many, ascending, villous with septate trichomes. <b>Leaves</b>: blades oblong-lanceolate to obovate, 15–40 × 6–15 cm, margins plane or revolute, coarsely 1–2-pinnatifid with rigidly divergent lobes, sometimes merely spinose-dentate, lobes triangular to lanceolate, entire to spiny-dentate, main spines 2–10 mm, abaxial faces gray-tomentose, villous with septate trichomes along veins, adaxial green, covered with short appressed bristlelike spines, sometimes tomentose when young; basal present or absent at flowering, petioles winged, bases tapered; principal cauline winged-petiolate, mid and distal becoming sessile, well distributed or not, progressively reduced distally, at least distal decurrent as long spiny wings; distal cauline often more deeply lobed than proximal, main lobes rigidly spiny, margins spinulose, otherwise entire. <b>Heads</b> few–many in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays. <b>Peduncles</b> 1–6 cm. <b>Involucres</b> hemispheric to campanulate, 3–4 × 2–4 cm, loosely arachnoid-tomentose. <b>Phyllaries</b> in 10–12 series, strongly imbricate, linear-lanceolate (outer) to linear (inner), outer and middle appressed, (bases stramineous), margins entire, abaxial faces without glutinous ridge, apices radiating, greenish, spines 2–5 mm; apices of inner phyllaries flat, serrulate to minutely erose. <b>Corollas</b> purple (rarely white), 25–35 mm, tubes 18–25 mm, throats 5–6 mm, lobes 5–7 mm; style tips 3.5–6 mm. <b>Cypselae</b> light brown with darker streaks, 3–4.5 mm, apical collar not differentiated; pappi 20–30 mm. <b>2n</b> = 68.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering mostly summer (Jun–Sep), year round in areas with mild climates.
|habitat=Invasive weed of disturbed sites, pastures, meadows, forest openings, roadsides
|elevation=0–2200 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ala.;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Eurasia.
|discussion=<p>Native to Eurasia, <i>Cirsium vulgare</i> is the only thistle in North America with bristlelike spines borne on the adaxial leaf faces. These structures are variously described in the literature as trichomes (“spreading hirsute,” “scabrous-hispid,” “coarsely hispid,” “rigid, rather pungent setae,” “prickly-hairy”), prickles, or spines (“setose-spinulose,” “appressed and dense spines”). My examination of cleared leaves of <i>C. vulgare</i> indicated that these structures are not epidermal outgrowths (trichomes or prickles) but emerge from fine veinlets within the tissues of the leaf. As such, they are properly treated as spines.</p><!--
--><p>Bull thistle is a noxious weed that has invaded disturbed habitats across the continent. Distasteful to livestock, it can increase in heavily grazed pastures. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cirsium vulgare
|author=
|authority=(Savi) Tenore
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Carduus vulgaris;Carduus lanceolatus
|family=Asteraceae
|phenology=Flowering mostly summer (Jun–Sep), year round in areas with mild climates.
|habitat=Invasive weed of disturbed sites, pastures, meadows, forest openings, roadsides
|elevation=0–2200 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ala.;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Eurasia.
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Napol.
|publication year=1835
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/f6b125a955440c0872999024f038d74684f65921/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V19-20-21/V19_52.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cardueae
|genus=Cirsium
|species=Cirsium vulgare
}}<!--

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