http://floranorthamerica.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=RevisionBot&feedformat=atomFNA - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T11:59:52ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.3http://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Malus_domestica&diff=409558Malus domestica2021-05-28T17:31:46Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Malus domestica<br />
|accepted_authority=(Suckow) Borkhausen<br />
|publications={{Treatment/Publication<br />
|title=Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot.<br />
|place=2: 1272. 1803, name conserved<br />
|year=1803 <br />
}}<br />
|common_names=Orchard or common or paradise crabapple;pommier commun<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym<br />
|name=Pyrus malus Linnaeus var. domestica<br />
|authority=Suckow<br />
|rank=variety<br />
|publication_title=Anfangsgr. Bot. <br />
|publication_place=2: 332. 1786<br />
}}<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=M. paradisiaca<br />
|authority=(Linnaeus) Medikus<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=M. pumila<br />
|authority=Miller<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=M. sylvestris<br />
|authority=(Linnaeus) Miller<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=P. malus<br />
|authority=Linnaeus<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=P. malus var. paradisiaca<br />
|authority=Linnaeus<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=P. malus var. sylvestris<br />
|authority=Linnaeus<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Rosaceae;Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae;Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae;Malus;Malus domestica<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rosaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Malus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Malus domestica]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 9<br />
|mention_page=page 473, 474, 477, 483<br />
|treatment_page=page 476<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Trees,</b> 20–100(–150) dm. <b>Stems</b> 5–30 cm diam.; bark dark gray or gray-brown, scaly; young branches dark brown or reddish brown, densely tomentose, becoming glabrous; flowering shoots becoming spurs, 40–150 mm. <b>Buds</b> dark red or purple, ovoid, 3–4(–5) mm, scale margins densely puberulous. <b>Leaves</b> convolute in bud; isomorphic; stipules deciduous, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acuminate; petiole 10–35 mm, tomentose to sparsely pubescent; blade elliptic, ovate, or broadly elliptic, (2–)5–10 × (1–)3–6.5 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margins unlobed, obtusely serrate, sometimes serrate-crenate, apex acute, abaxial surface glabrescent, adaxial densely puberulent. <b>Panicles</b> umbel-like; peduncles absent; bracteoles deciduous, filiform, 5–7 mm. <b>Pedicels</b> 10–25 mm, puberulous. <b>Flowers</b> 30–40 mm diam.; hypanthium tomentose; sepals reflexed at flowering, triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, 6–8 mm, equal to or longer than tube, apex acuminate, surfaces tomentose; petals (rose in bud) white, sometimes pink, obovate, 15–25 mm, claws 1 mm, margins entire, apex rounded; stamens 20, 9–10 mm, anthers yellow before dehiscence; styles 5, basally connate less than 1/2 length, 9–10 mm, slightly longer than stamens, basally gray-tomentose; stigmas green. <b>Pomes</b> green, yellow, or red, pure, striped, or blushed, globose or depressed-globose, 20–50(–70) mm diam., skin with bloom or wax, sometimes russetted or dotted, cores enclosed at apex; sepals persistent, erect; sclereids absent. <b>Seeds</b> light brown. <b>2n</b> = 34 (51, 68).</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|phenology=Flowering Apr–May; fruiting Jul–Oct.<br />
|habitat=Abandoned or naturalized in thickets, forests, fields, fence edges, shores, roadsides<br />
|elevation=0–1600 m<br />
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Alaska;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;c Asia;introduced also in Mexico;Central America (El Salvador;Guatemala);South America (Argentina);Europe;e Asia;Africa (South Africa);Pacific Islands (New Zealand;Tristan da Cunha);Australia.<br />
|introduced=true<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Malus domestica</i> is cultivated for its edible apple. Historically, the nomenclature of the orchard apple has been confusing, with many species names applied to edible apple, e.g., <i>M. communis</i> Desfontaines, <i>M. domestica</i> Borkhausen (superfluous and illegitimate), <i>M. paradisiaca</i> (Linnaeus) Medikus, and <i>M. sylvestris</i> (Linnaeus) Miller. Quian G. Z. et al.’s proposal (2010) to conserve the illegitimate name <i>M. domestica</i> as <i>M. domestica</i> (Suckow) Borkhausen was accepted by the Nomenclature session at the XIX International Botanical Congress in July 2017, held at Shenzhen, China. The legitimation of the name <i>M. domestica</i> in the Shenzhen code is accepted by the author and now followed in FNA’s digital treatment of <i>Malus</i>.</p><!--<br />
--><p>Some trees, although originally planted, may appear naturalized when found in old, overgrown areas. Naturalized trees are derived from seeds distributed by birds and mammals and from apples discarded by people. Trees grown from seeds often produce small, bitter, and sour fruit.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Malus domestica<br />
|authority=(Suckow) Borkhausen<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=M. paradisiaca;M. pumila;M. sylvestris;P. malus;P. malus var. paradisiaca;P. malus var. sylvestris<br />
|basionyms=Pyrus malus var. domestica<br />
|family=Rosaceae<br />
|phenology=Flowering Apr–May; fruiting Jul–Oct.<br />
|habitat=Abandoned or naturalized in thickets, forests, fields, fence edges, shores, roadsides<br />
|elevation=0–1600 m<br />
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Alaska;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;c Asia;introduced also in Mexico;Central America (El Salvador;Guatemala);South America (Argentina);Europe;e Asia;Africa (South Africa);Pacific Islands (New Zealand;Tristan da Cunha);Australia.<br />
|introduced=true<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot.<br />
|publication year=1803<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V9/V9_803.xml<br />
|subfamily=Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae<br />
|tribe=Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae<br />
|genus=Malus<br />
|species=Malus domestica<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Malus]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Themeda_quadrivalvis&diff=409557Themeda quadrivalvis2021-05-28T17:31:42Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Themeda quadrivalvis<br />
|accepted_authority=(L.) Kuntze<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Kangaroo grass<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae;Themeda;Themeda quadrivalvis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Themeda]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Themeda quadrivalvis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 684<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual. <b>Culms</b> to 2 m, glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> glabrous, flattened at the base; ligules 1-2.5 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 1-6 mm wide, usually folded. <b>False</b> panicles to 130 cm; sheaths subtending the rame clusters 17-50 mm, distal sheaths shorter and more strongly keeled, margins tuberculate; rames 1-3 per cluster, 8-10 mm, with 1-2 heterogamous spikelet pairs. <b>Homogamous</b> spikelets 4-7 mm; lower glumes many-veined, hairy distally, hairs papillose-based; upper glumes subequal to the lower glumes, 3-veined. <b>Sessile</b> heterogamous spikelets 4-6 mm; calluses 0.5-3 mm; lower glumes glabrous or sparsely hirsute; upper glumes 4.5-5.5 mm; awns 4-5 cm; pedicellate spikelets 4.5-5.5 mm, sterile. <b>2n</b> = 18.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Kans.;Fla.;Calif.;La.<br />
|discussion=<p>A native of Malaysia, <i>Themeda quadrivalvis</i> has been found at scattered locations in the contiguous United States. Towne and Ballard (2002) reported that it is a common contaminant of the thistle seed sold for bird feeders. Most of the seeds are sterile, but a few are not. It is established in St. Landry and Iberia parishes, Louisiana, in addition to having escaped from cultivation in Florida (Baird and Thieret 1985)</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=baird1985a<br />
|text=Baird, J.R. and J.W. Thieret. 1985. Notes on Themeda quadrivalvis (Poaceae) in Louisiana. Isleya 2:129-137<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Themeda quadrivalvis<br />
|authority=(L.) Kuntze<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Kans.;Fla.;Calif.;La.<br />
|reference=baird1985a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1635.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae<br />
|genus=Themeda<br />
|species=Themeda quadrivalvis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Themeda]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Sorghum_bicolor_subsp._%C3%97drummondii&diff=409556Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii2021-05-28T17:31:39Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii<br />
|accepted_authority=(Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Chicken corn;Sudangrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum vulgare var. drummondii<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum sudanense<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum drummondii<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum bicolor var. drummondii<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae;Sorghum;Sorghum bicolor;Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sorghum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Sorghum bicolor]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subspecies</small>[[Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 630<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual. <b>Culms</b> to 4 m, relatively stout. <b>Rames</b> usually tardily disarticulating, mostly with 3-5 nodes. <b>Sessile</b> spikelets 5-6 mm, lanceolate to elliptic. <b>Caryopses</b> not exposed at maturity.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p>The hybrids treated here as Sorgum bicolor <i></i>subsp.<i> ×drummondii</i> are most common in the Eastern Hemisphere, but a few are cultivated in the United States. Among these are the plants known as 'chicken corn' and 'Sudangrass' [= S. sudanense (<i>Piper</i>) Stapf] (de Wet 1978).</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii<br />
|authority=(Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse<br />
|rank=subspecies<br />
|parent rank=species<br />
|synonyms=Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense;Sorghum vulgare var. drummondii;Sorghum sudanense;Sorghum drummondii;Sorghum bicolor var. drummondii<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1534.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae<br />
|genus=Sorghum<br />
|species=Sorghum bicolor<br />
|subspecies=Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Sorghum bicolor]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Sorghum_bicolor_subsp._arundinaceum&diff=409555Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum2021-05-28T17:31:36Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum<br />
|accepted_authority=(Desv.) de Wet & J.R. Harlan ex Davidse<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum verticilliflorum<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Sorghum arundinaceum<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae;Sorghum;Sorghum bicolor;Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sorghum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Sorghum bicolor]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subspecies</small>[[Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 628<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or weakly biennial. <b>Culms</b> to 4 m, slender to stout. <b>Rames</b> readily disarticulating at maturity, with 1-5 nodes. <b>Sessile</b> spikelets 5-8 mm, lanceolate to elliptic. <b>Caryopses</b> not exposed at maturity.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Sorghum bicolor </i>subsp.<i> arundinaceum</i> is native to, and most common, in Africa, but some strains have been introduced into the Western Hemisphere.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum<br />
|authority=(Desv.) de Wet & J.R. Harlan ex Davidse<br />
|rank=subspecies<br />
|parent rank=species<br />
|synonyms=Sorghum verticilliflorum;Sorghum arundinaceum<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1532.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae<br />
|genus=Sorghum<br />
|species=Sorghum bicolor<br />
|subspecies=Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Sorghum bicolor]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Imperata_brevifolia&diff=409554Imperata brevifolia2021-05-28T17:31:33Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Imperata brevifolia<br />
|accepted_authority=Vasey<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Satintail<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae;Imperata;Imperata brevifolia<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Imperata]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Imperata brevifolia]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 621<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Culms </b>51-129 cm. <b>Ligules</b> 0.7-2.9 mm; blades 7-14 mm wide, linear to lanceolate, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces sometimes densely pilose basally, otherwise scabrous. <b>Panicles</b> 16-34 cm, dense; lower branches 2-5 cm, divergent. <b>Callus</b> hairs 8-12 mm; glumes 2.7-4.1 mm; lower lemmas 2.5-3.9 mm, membranous, glumelike; upper lemmas 1.4-2.4 mm, completely surrounding the ovary; stamens 1, filaments dilated at the base; anthers 1.3-2.3 mm, yellow to orange; styles 0.9-2.4 mm; stigmas 2.1-4 mm, purple to brown. <b>2n</b> = 20.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Calif.;Ariz.;Nev.<br />
|discussion=<p>Once known from wet or moist sites in the southwestern deserts from southern California, <i>Nevada</i>, and Utah to western Texas, <i>Imperata brevifolia</i> is currently known only from populations in Grand Canyon National Park. It was last collected outside the park in the early 1970s at a site that is now under Lake Powell. Most collections were made before 1945, in sites that are now used for housing or agriculture.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Imperata brevifolia</i> was listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may have stemmed from confusion of this native species with one of the introduced weedy species.</p><!--<br />
--><p>In September 2003, G.F. Hrusa succeeded in persuading the California authorities that <i>Imperata brevifolia</i> should be taken off the state's noxious weed list. Endangered species status is now being sought.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Imperata brevifolia<br />
|authority=Vasey<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=N.Mex.;Tex.;Utah;Calif.;Ariz.;Nev.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1521.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae<br />
|genus=Imperata<br />
|species=Imperata brevifolia<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Imperata]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Reimarochloa&diff=409553Reimarochloa2021-05-28T17:31:30Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Reimarochloa<br />
|accepted_authority=Hitchc.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Reimarochloa<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Reimarochloa]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 599<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual; sometimes stoloniferous. <b>Culms</b> 10-100 cm, erect to ascending, branching above the base. <b>Leaves</b> mostly cauline; ligules of hairs; blades linear. <b>Inflorescences</b> numerous, terminal and axillary, subdigitate or racemose panicles of spikelike branches, spikelets borne singly in 2 rows on the abaxial sides of the branches; disarticulation at the base of the spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> dorsally compressed, with 2 florets, upper floret appressed to the branch axes. <b>Glumes</b> mostly absent, upper glume sometimes present on the terminal spikelet of a branch; lower florets sterile; upper florets bisexual; lower lemmas subequal to the upper lemmas; upper lemmas membranous to coriaceous, margins narrow; upper paleas similar in texture to the lemmas, their bases enclosed by the lemmas; anthers 1 or 2. <b>x</b> = unknown.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Fla.;Ala.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Reimarochloa</i> is a genus of three species, all of which grow in damp habitats. The range of the genus extends from the southern United States to Argentina. One species is native to the Flora region.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Reimarochloa<br />
|author=Mary E. Barkworth<br />
|authority=Hitchc.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Fla.;Ala.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1495.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Reimarochloa<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Paspalum_almum&diff=409552Paspalum almum2021-05-28T17:31:27Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Paspalum almum<br />
|accepted_authority=Chase<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Comb's paspalum<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Paspalum;Paspalum almum<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Paspalum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Paspalum almum]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 575<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose, shortly rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> 10-50 cm, erect. <b>Sheaths</b> glabrous or sparsely pubescent; ligules 0.5-2 mm; blades to 20 cm long, 1.5-3.8 mm wide, flat, pubescent. <b>Panicles</b> terminal, usually composed of a digitate pair of branches, 1-5 additional branches sometimes present below; branches 1.8-7.1 cm, diverging to erect; branch axes 0.8-1.3 mm wide, winged, terminating in a spikelet. <b>Spikelets</b> 3-3.6 mm long, 1.3-1.8 mm wide, solitary (rarely paired), appressed to the branch axes, elliptic, glabrous, apices acute to acuminate. <b>Lower</b> glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous, 5-veined, margins flat; upper florets stramineous to golden brown. <b>2n</b> = 12, 24, 36.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Tex.;La.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Paspalum almum</i> was probably introduced to North America as a forage species. Its native range is Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and eastern Argentina. It has not been reported from Mexico or Central America. In the Flora region, it is found along roadsides and in pastures of southeastern Texas and southern Louisiana.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Paspalum almum<br />
|authority=Chase<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Cindy Roché<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Tex.;La.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1450.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Paspalum<br />
|species=Paspalum almum<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Paspalum]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Pennisetum_ciliare&diff=409551Pennisetum ciliare2021-05-28T17:31:24Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Pennisetum ciliare<br />
|accepted_authority=(L.) Link<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Buffel grass<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Cenchrus ciliaris<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Pennisetum;Pennisetum ciliare<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Pennisetum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Pennisetum ciliare]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 525<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose from a hard, knotty base, with or without rhizomes. <b>Culms</b> 10-150 cm, erect, sometimes branching at the aerial nodes, glabrous, sometimes scabrous beneath the panicle; nodes glabrous. <b>Leaves</b> green or glaucous; sheaths glabrous or pubescent, margins ciliate; ligules 0.5-3 mm, membranous, ciliate; blades 3-50 cm long, 2-13 mm wide, flat, glabrous or pubescent, margins ciliate or glabrous basally. <b>Panicles</b> 2-20 cm long, 4-35 mm wide, fully exerted from the sheaths, erect, green, brown, brown-purple, or dark purple; rachises terete, scabrous. <b>Fascicles</b> 11-37 per cm, disarticulating at maturity; fascicle axes 0.2-1.5 cm, with 1-12 spikelets; outer bristles 16-89, 0.3-11.7 mm, many exceeding the spikelets; inner bristles 7-20, 3.8-13.8 mm, fused to 1/4 of their length, flattened, grooved, ciliate; primary bristles 10.5-23 mm, long-ciliate, noticeably longer than the other bristles. <b>Spikelets</b> 2.5-5.6 mm, sessile, glabrous; lower glumes 1-3 mm, 0-1-veined; upper glumes 1.3-3.4 mm, about 1/2 as long as the spikelet, (0)1-3-veined; lower florets staminate or sterile; lower lemmas 2.5-5.3 mm, 3-7-veined; lower paleas absent or 2.5-5 mm; anthers absent or about 1.4 mm; upper florets not disarticulating at maturity; upper lemmas 2.2-5.4 mm, (3)5(6)-veined, margins glabrous; anthers 1.4-2.7 mm. <b>Caryopses</b> 1.2-1.9 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide, concealed by the lemma and palea at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 36, 45.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Puerto Rico;Okla.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;N.Y.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ariz.;Fla.;Mo.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Pennisetum ciliare</i> is native to Africa, western Asia, and India. It now grows throughout the warmer, drier regions of the world, often as a forage crop, and is established in much of the southeastern United States. It is sometimes included in <i>Cenchrus</i>, based solely on the fusion of its bristles.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Pennisetum ciliare<br />
|authority=(L.) Link<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Cenchrus ciliaris<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Puerto Rico;Okla.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;N.Y.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ariz.;Fla.;Mo.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1363.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Pennisetum<br />
|species=Pennisetum ciliare<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Pennisetum]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Megathyrsus_maximus&diff=409550Megathyrsus maximus2021-05-28T17:31:22Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Megathyrsus maximus<br />
|accepted_authority=(Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Guinea grass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Megathyrsus;Megathyrsus maximus<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Megathyrsus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Megathyrsus maximus]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose, with short, thick rhizomes. <b>Culms</b> (60)100-250 cm tall, about 10 mm thick, mostly erect, sometimes geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes; nodes pubescent or glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes with papillose-based hairs, margins sometimes ciliate; collars densely pubescent, hairs appressed or divergent; ligules 1-3 mm; blades (15)30-75(100) cm long, 10-35 mm wide, flat, erect or ascending, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes with appressed papillose-based hairs, margins scabrous, sometimes ciliate basally, midveins conspicuous, sunken, whitish. <b>Panicles</b> 20-65 cm, about 1/3 as wide as long, open, rachises smooth or scabrous; primary branches usually more than 20, 12-40 cm, axes 0.4-0.6 mm wide, not winged, ascending, those of the lower node(s) verticillate and pilose at the base, upper axils glabrous, lower branches naked basally; secondary and tertiary branches well-developed; pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm, unequal, straight or curved, glabrous or with a single setaceous hair near the apex. <b>Spikelets</b> 2.7-3.6 mm long, 0.9-1.1 mm wide, oblong-ellipsoid, usually glabrous (rarely densely covered with papillose-based hairs), solitary, paired (or in triplets), usually appressed to the branch axes. <b>Glumes</b> scarcely separate, rachilla between the glumes not pronounced; lower glumes 0.8-1.2 mm, 1-3-veined, obtuse or truncate, glabrous; upper glumes 2.1-3.5 mm, 5-veined, glabrous; lower lemmas 2.1-3.5 mm, subequal, glabrous, 5-veined, without cross venation, acute, muticous or mucronate; lower florets staminate; upper lemmas 1.9-2.4 mm, ellipsoid, pale, glabrous, apices acute, mucronulate; anthers 1.2-2.2 mm. <b>2n</b> = 18, 32, 36, 44, 48.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Megathyrsus maximus</i> is an important forage grass that is native to Africa. In the Flora region, it grows in fields, waste places, stream banks, and hammocks. It is cultivated widely as a forage grass at low elevations, especially near the coast, and often escapes.</p><!--<br />
--><p>There are usually two varieties recognized. Only <i>Megathyrsus maximus</i> (Jacq.) R.D. Webster <i></i>var.<i> maxima</i>, which has glabrous spikelets, is known in the Flora area. Specimens with densely pubescent spikelets belong to U. maxima var. trichoglumis (Robyns) R.D. Webster.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Megathyrsus maximus<br />
|authority=(Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Cindy Roché<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1333.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Megathyrsus<br />
|species=Megathyrsus maximus<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Megathyrsus]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Melinis_nerviglumis&diff=409549Melinis nerviglumis2021-05-28T17:31:18Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Melinis nerviglumis<br />
|accepted_authority=(Franch.) Zizka<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Pink crystal<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Melinis;Melinis nerviglumis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Melinis]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Melinis nerviglumis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page added post-publication<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose. <b>Culms</b> (25)40-120(150) cm. <b>Leaf</b> sheaths not strongly overlapping; blades (3)1-30(44) cm long, (1.3)2-3.5(4.5) mm wide, rolled. <b>Panicles</b> contracted. <b>Pedicels</b> scabrous, with hairs to 7 mm. <b>Spikelets</b> 3.2-5.7 mm long, 2 mm wide, often densely covered with hairs, hairs to 4 mm, white or pink to purple. <b>Glumes</b> separated by 0.3(0.6) mm; lower glumes about 0.5 mm, awns 1-2(3) mm. <b>2n</b> = 36.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p>In its native southern Africa, <i>Melinis nerviglumis</i> flowers from November to September [sic]</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Melinis nerviglumis<br />
|authority=(Franch.) Zizka<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1673.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Melinis<br />
|species=Melinis nerviglumis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Melinis]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Melinis&diff=409548Melinis2021-05-28T17:31:15Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Melinis<br />
|accepted_authority=P. Beauv.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Melinis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Melinis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 490<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; habit various. <b>Culms</b> 20-150 cm, erect, decumbent, or prostrate. <b>Sheaths</b> open; ligules of hairs or membranous and ciliate. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, simple pani¬cles or panicles of spikelike primary branches, usually with capillary secondary branches and pedicels; disarticulation below the glumes, sometimes also below the upper florets, the upper florets then falling first. <b>Spikelets</b> with 2 florets. <b>Lower</b> glumes present or absent, 0-1-veined, unawned; upper glumes equaling or exceeding the florets, sometimes gibbous basally, 5-7-veined, emarginate to bilobed, awned or unawned; lower florets staminate or sterile; lower lem¬mas similar to the upper glumes, but not gibbous; upper florets bisexual, laterally compressed; upper lemmas subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth, unawned; upper paleas resembling the upper lemmas; lodicules 2, fleshy or membranous, x = 9.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Puerto Rico;Md.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ga.;N.C.;Ariz.;Fla.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Melinis</i> is an African and western Asian genus of 22 species that grow in savannahs, open grasslands, and disturbed places. Two species have become established in the Flora region.</p><!--<br />
--><p>Rhynchelytrum Nees has traditionally been treated as a separate genus, with the number of veins being the diagnostic character. Zizka (1988) showed that this separation was artificial; consequently the older generic name, <i>Melinis</i>, is now applied to species that used to be included in Rhynchelytrum.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=anderson1991a<br />
|text=Anderson, H.M. 1991. Melinis P. Beauv. Pp. 210-213 in G.E. Gibbs Russell, L. Watson, M. Koekemoer, L. Smook, N.P. Barker, H.M. Anderson, and M.J. Dallwitz. Grasses of Southern Africa (ed. O.A. Leistner). National Botanic Gardens, Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. 437 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=zizka1988a<br />
|text=Zizka, G. 1988. Revision der Melinideae Hitchcock (Poaceae, Panicoideae). Biblioth. Bot. 138:1-149<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=zizka1990a<br />
|text=Zizka, G. 1990. Taxonomy of the Melinideae (Poaceae: Panicoideae). Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 23:563-572.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Glumes and pedicels glabrous, scabridulous; lower florets without paleas<br />
|[[Melinis minutiflora|Melinis minutiflora]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Glumes, and usually the pedicels, with hairs to 7 mm long; lower florets with paleas<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Leaf sheaths not strongly overlapping, blades not rolled<br />
|[[Melinis repens|Melinis repens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Strongly overlapping leaf sheaths, rolled blades, and usually perennial<br />
|[[Melinis nerviglumis|Melinis nerviglumis]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Melinis<br />
|author=J.K. Wipff;<br />
|authority=P. Beauv.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Puerto Rico;Md.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Ga.;N.C.;Ariz.;Fla.<br />
|reference=anderson1991a;zizka1988a;zizka1990a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1307.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Melinis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Moorochloa_eruciformis&diff=409547Moorochloa eruciformis2021-05-28T17:31:13Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Moorochloa eruciformis<br />
|accepted_authority=(Sm.) Veldkamp<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Sweet signalgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Moorochloa;Moorochloa eruciformis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Moorochloa]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Moorochloa eruciformis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 28<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>mat-forming. <b>Culms</b> (10)19-60 cm, decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes before geniculately ascending, sometimes branching from the upper nodes; nodes pubescent; internodes glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> glabrous or pubescent; ligules to 1 mm; blades 2-6(12) cm long, 3-6 mm wide, pubescent (rarely pilose) on both surfaces, bases subcordate. <b>Panicles</b> 4-9 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, exserted, with 3-15 erect to appressed branches; branches 1-2 cm, hispidulous; pedicels 0.1-0.5 mm, pubescent. <b>Spikelets</b> (1.6)2-2.6 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, ovate. <b>Lower</b> glumes 0.3-0.5 mm, to 1/5 the spikelet length; upper glumes (1.6)2-2.5 mm; lower lemmas longer than the paleas, 5-veined, without cross-venation; upper lemmas (1.4)1.7-1.8 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide; anthers 0.5-1 mm, reddish. <b>Caryopses</b> 1-1.5 mm. <b>2n</b> = 18, 36.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Moorochloa eruciformis</i> is native from the Mediterranean to tropical Africa and India. It tends to be a weedy species in many parts of the world, growing in moist, disturbed sites. It has been grown for evaluation as a forage crop at various experimental stations in the United States. A few of these plantings have resulted in escapes that have persisted persisted for a short time, but the species has not become an established in the Flora region.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Moorochloa eruciformis<br />
|authority=(Sm.) Veldkamp<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1306.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Moorochloa<br />
|species=Moorochloa eruciformis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Moorochloa]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Moorochloa&diff=409546Moorochloa2021-05-28T17:31:09Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Moorochloa<br />
|accepted_authority=Veldkamp<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Brachiaria<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=genus<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Moorochloa<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Moorochloa]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 488<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual. <b>Culms</b> 10-60 cm, herbaceous, not woody, often creeping. <b>Leaves</b> cauline; sheaths open, glabrous or pubescent; ligules membranous, with a ciliate fringe, fringe longer than the membranous base. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, secund panicles of 1-sided branches; branches erect to ascending, axes triquetrous, terminating in a well-developed spikelet; secondary branches, when present, shorter than the primary branches; disarticulation below the glumes and beneath the upper florets. <b>Spikelets</b> solitary, subsessile, dorsally compressed, unequally convex, in 2 rows, the lower glumes and lemmas appressed or adjacent to the branch axes, with 2 florets; lower florets sterile or staminate; upper florets stipitate, bisexual, usually glabrous, readily disarticulating, acuminate. <b>Lower</b> glumes to 0.5 mm, less than 1/2 as long as the spikelets, glabrous, adjacent to the branch axes, 0-1-veined; upper glumes and lower lemmas subequal, villous, 3-5-veined; upper glumes subequal to or slightly exceeding the upper florets, not saccate; lower paleas present; anthers (if present) 3; upper lemmas equaling the second glume, glabrous, indurate, smooth, shiny to lustrous, 5- or 7-veined, margins involute, apices round to muticous; upper paleas similar to the upper lemmas; anthers 3. <b>Caryopses</b> ovoid, dorsally compressed, x = 9.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Moorochloa</i>, as now interpreted, includes three species, all native to the Eastern Hemisphere. It differs from <i>Urochloa</i> in its smooth, rounded, distal floret and from <i>Panicum</i> in its secund panicle and stipitate, shiny to lustrous, disarticulating distal floret. Many of the species previously placed in the genus are now placed in <i>Urochloa</i>. One species is established in the Flora region.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=morrone1992a<br />
|text=Morrone, O. and F.O. Zuloaga. 1992. Revision de las especies Sudamericanas nativas e introducisas de los generos Brachiaria y Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Darwiniana 31:43-109.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Moorochloa<br />
|author=J.K. Wipff;Rahmona A. Thompson;<br />
|authority=Veldkamp<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=Brachiaria<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|reference=morrone1992a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1305.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Moorochloa<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Panicum_miliaceum&diff=409545Panicum miliaceum2021-05-28T17:31:06Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Panicum miliaceum<br />
|accepted_authority=L.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Broomcorn;Proso millet;Hog millet;Panic millet;Millet commun<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Panicum;Panicum subg. Panicum;Panicum sect. Panicum;Panicum miliaceum<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Panicum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subgenus</small>[[Panicum subg. Panicum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>section</small>[[Panicum sect. Panicum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Panicum miliaceum]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 456<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual; sometimes branching from the lower nodes. <b>Culms</b> 20-210 cm, stout, not woody; nodes puberulent; internodes usually with papillose-based hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, not succulent. <b>Leaves</b> numerous; sheaths terete, densely pilose, with papillose-based and caducous hairs; ligules membranous, ciliate, cilia 1-3 mm; blades 15-40 cm long, 7-25 mm wide. <b>Panicles</b> 6-20 cm long, 4-11 cm wide, included or shortly exserted at maturity, dense; branches stiff, appressed to spreading, spikelets solitary, confined to the distal portions; pedicels 1-9 mm, scabrous and sparsely pilose. <b>Spikelets</b> 4-6 mm, ovoid, usually glabrous. <b>Lower</b> glumes 2.8-3.6 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the spikelets, 5-7-veined, veins scabridulous distally, apices attenuate; upper glumes 4-5.1 mm, slightly exceeding the upper florets, 11-13(15)-veined, veins scabridulous distally; lower florets sterile; lower lemmas 4-4.8 mm, slightly exceeding the upper florets, 9-13-veined, veins scabridulous distally; lower paleas 1.2-1.6 mm, 1/2 or less the length of the upper florets, truncate to bilobed; upper florets 3-3.8 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, smooth or striate, more or less shiny, stramineous to orange, red-brown, or blackish, persisting in the spikelets or disarticulating at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 36, 40, 42, 49, 54, 72.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Idaho;Mont.;Wash.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Va.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;Ind.;Pa.;Virgin Islands;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Ariz.;Ga.;Iowa;Ill.;Kans.;Ky.;Md.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Calif.;Ala.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Miss.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Panicum miliaceum</i> is native to Asia, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years. In the Flora region, it is grown for bird seed and is occasionally planted for game birds. It is also found in corn fields and along roadsides. In Asia, <i>P. miliaceum</i> is still grown for fodder and as a cereal, its fast germination and short growth period enabling it to be sown following a spring crop. It also has one of the lowest water requirements of any cereal grain.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Mature upper florets blackish, disarticulating at maturity; culms 70-210 cm tall; panicles erect, exserted at maturity, about twice as long as wide; panicle branches ascending to spreading; pulvini well-developed<br />
|[[Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale|Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Mature upper florets stramineous to orange, not disarticulating; culms 20-120 cm tall; panicles usually nodding, not fully exserted, more than twice as long as wide; panicle branches ascending to appressed; pulvini almost absent<br />
|[[Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum|Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Panicum miliaceum<br />
|authority=L.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=section<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Cindy Roché<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Idaho;Mont.;Wash.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Va.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;Ind.;Pa.;Virgin Islands;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Ariz.;Ga.;Iowa;Ill.;Kans.;Ky.;Md.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Ohio;Oreg.;S.Dak.;Utah;Calif.;Ala.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Miss.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1225.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Panicum<br />
|subgenus=Panicum subg. Panicum<br />
|section=Panicum sect. Panicum<br />
|species=Panicum miliaceum<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Panicum sect. Panicum]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Amphicarpum&diff=409544Amphicarpum2021-05-28T17:31:04Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Amphicarpum<br />
|accepted_authority=Kunth<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Amphicarpum<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Amphicarpum]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 385<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; rhizomatous, rhizomes slender, terminating in a reduced panicle of cleistogamous spikelets. <b>Culms</b> 30-100 cm, erect or decumbent. <b>Sheaths</b> open; auricles absent; ligules of hairs; blades flat. <b>Inflorescences</b> subterranean and aerial, only the subterranean inflorescences forming mature caryopses; subterranean panicles with 1-5 spikelets; aerial panicles terminal, simple, with elongate rachises bearing erect to ascending branches, usually with 15 or more spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> glabrous, unawned, with 2 florets. <b>Subterranean</b> spikelets setting seed, with 1 glume; lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas similar in size and texture, exceeded by the upper florets; upper florets turgid, ellipsoidal; upper lemmas mostly indurate, margins thin, flat, apices acuminate; upper paleas similar in texture to the lemmas; anthers 3; caryopses well-developed. <b>Aerial</b> spikelets not setting seed, sometimes forming immature caryopses, lanceoloid, dorsally compressed to terete; glumes unequal or the lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas similar in size and texture; upper lemmas mostly indurate, margins thin, flat, apices acute; lower florets staminate or sterile; upper florets with pistils but fruit not developed, x = 9.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Md.;N.J.;N.C.;Mass.;S.C.;Del.;Ala.;Fla.;Va.;Ga.;N.Y.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Amphicarpum</i> is a genus of two species, both endemic to the southeastern United States. It differs from all other North American grass genera in its production of subterranean, cleistogamous spikelets. The aerial spikelets occasionally have immature caryopses but, for some unknown reason, these never mature.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Amphicarpum</i> differs from all other North American grass genera in its production of subterranean, cleistogamous spikelets. It has generally been reported that caryopses from the aerial spikelets fail to germinate, but McNamara and Quinn (1977) demonstrated that, at least in <i>A. amphicarpon</i>, this is not true. They found that the caryopses of aerial panicles and their seedlings were less robust than those of the subterranean spikelets. McNamara and Quinn concluded that the cleistogamous, subterranean spikelets usually contributed the largest number of plants to the populations, but that the chasmogamous aerial spikelets provided a potentially important source of genetic variability.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=mcnamara1977a<br />
|text=McNamara, J. and J.A. Quinn. 1977. Resource allocation and reproduction in populations of Amphicarpum purshii (Gramineae). Amer. J. Bot. 64:17-23<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Leaf blades conspicuously hirsute; plants annual; culms erect<br />
|[[Amphicarpum amphicarpon|Amphicarpum amphicarpon]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Leaf blades glabrous or almost glabrous; plants perennial; culms usually decumbent<br />
|[[Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum|Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Amphicarpum<br />
|author=J.K. Wipff;<br />
|authority=Kunth<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Md.;N.J.;N.C.;Mass.;S.C.;Del.;Ala.;Fla.;Va.;Ga.;N.Y.<br />
|reference=mcnamara1977a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1096.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Amphicarpum<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Digitaria_filiformis&diff=409543Digitaria filiformis2021-05-28T17:31:00Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Digitaria filiformis<br />
|accepted_authority=(L.) Koeler<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Slender crabgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Syntherisma filiformis<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae;Poaceae tribe Paniceae;Digitaria;Digitaria filiformis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Paniceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Digitaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Digitaria filiformis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 364<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual, or short-lived perennials; cespitose, not rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> (10)25-150 cm, erect or decumbent, branching, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; nodes 3-6. <b>Sheaths</b> keeled, basal sheaths usually with papillose-based hairs, rarely glabrous; ligules 0.3-1.5 mm; blades 2-18 cm long, 1-6 mm wide, flat or involute, glabrous, scabrous, or pilose. <b>Panicles</b> with 2-7 spikelike primary branches, these digitate or the rachises to 1 cm; longest primary branches 20-25 cm, axes triquetrous, not winged, with spikelets in unequally pedicellate groups of 3(-5) on the basal ½ (J. <b>Wipff</b>, pers. comm.). <b>Spikelets</b> 1.3-2.8 mm. <b>Lower</b> glumes absent or to 0.1 mm; upper glumes 1-2 mm long, from 3/4 to almost as long as the spikelets, almost glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent with clavate to capitate hairs (use 20x magnification), glume apices rounded; lower lemmas equaling the spikelets, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, 5-7-veined, veins unequally spaced, outer 3 veins on each side closer to each other than the midvein is to the inner lateral veins; upper lemmas 1.3-2 mm, apiculate, dark brown at maturity; anthers 0.3-0.6 mm. <b>2n</b> = 36, 54.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Fla.;N.H.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Ala.;Mass.;R.I.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Kans.;Okla.;Ohio;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Digitaria filiformis</i> grows throughout the warmer parts of the eastern United States, van filifomis the most widespread of its varieties, extending into Mexico.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Lower lemmas glabrous<br />
|[[Digitaria filiformis var. laeviglumis|Digitaria filiformis var. laeviglumis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Lower lemmas pubescent.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Basal leaf sheaths glabrous; cauline blades about 1 mm wide, folded or involute<br />
|[[Digitaria filiformis var. dolichophylla|Digitaria filiformis var. dolichophylla]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Basal leaf sheaths with papillose-based hairs; cauline blades 1-6 mm wide, flat.<br />
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm long; panicle branches 3-13 cm long; culms 10-80 cm tall<br />
|[[Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis|Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Spikelets 2-2.8 mm long; panicle branches 10-25 cm long; plants 75-150 cm tall<br />
|[[Digitaria filiformis var. villosa|Digitaria filiformis var. villosa]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Digitaria filiformis<br />
|authority=(L.) Koeler<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Syntherisma filiformis<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Del.;D.C.;W.Va.;Fla.;N.H.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Va.;Ala.;Mass.;R.I.;Ark.;Vt.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Kans.;Okla.;Ohio;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1057.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Panicoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Paniceae<br />
|genus=Digitaria<br />
|species=Digitaria filiformis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Digitaria]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Rytidosperma&diff=409542Rytidosperma2021-05-28T17:30:56Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Rytidosperma<br />
|accepted_authority=Steud.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Danthonioideae;Poaceae tribe Danthonieae;Rytidosperma<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Danthonioideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Danthonieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Rytidosperma]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 309<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose to somewhat spreading, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> (1.5)30-90(140) cm. <b>Sheaths</b> open, glabrous or hairy, apices with tufts of hair, these sometimes extending across the collar; ligules of hairs; blades persistent or disarticulating. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, racemes or panicles. <b>Spikelets</b> with 3-10 florets; florets bisexual, terminal florets reduced; disarticulation above the glumes and between the florets. <b>Glumes</b> (2)8-20 mm, subequal or equal, usually exceeding the florets, stiffly membranous; calluses with lateral tufts of stiff hairs; lemmas ovate to lanceolate, with 2 complete or incomplete transverse rows of tufts of hairs, sometimes reduced to marginal tufts, 5-9-veined, apices bilobed, lobes usually at least as long as the body, acute, acuminate, or aristate, awned from between the lobes, awns longer than the lobes, twisted, usually geniculate; lodicules 2, fleshy, with hairs or glabrous. <b>Caryopses</b> 1.2-3 mm, obovate to elliptic. <b>Cleistogenes</b> absent, x = 12.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Calif.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Oreg.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Rytidosperma</i>, as interpreted here and by Edgar and Connor (2000), is a genus of about 45 species that are native to south and southeastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Linder and Verboom (1996) advocated a narrower interpretation of the genus than Edgar and Connor, but acknowledged that "there is an almost equally strong case for recognizing a single, large genus, <i>Rytidosperma</i>" (p. 607). According to their interpretation, all three species treated here would be placed in Austrodanthonia H.P. Linder (Linder 1997).</p><!--<br />
--><p>Several species of <i>Rytidosperma</i> have been cultivated in research plots or forage trials in North America. The three species treated here have been tried in several states but have escaped cultivation and persisted only in California and Oregon (Weintraub 1953). They have been included in commercial seed mixtures for forage planting in Australia and New Zealand. Other species that have been grown experimentally in both the United States and Canada include R. caespitosum (Gaudich.) Connor & Edgar, R. setaceum (R. Br.) Connor & Edgar, and R. tenuius (Steud.) A. Hansen & P. Sunding. They are not known to have escaped or persisted in North America.</p><!--<br />
--><p>H.E. Connor identified two additional species of <i>Rytidosperma</i> among specimens that have been found as escapes in Alameda and San Mateo counties, California. They are <i>Rytidosperma</i> caespitosa (Gaudich.) Connor & Edgar, and R. richardsonii (Cashmore) Connor & Edgar. Both are native to Australia. <i>Rytidosperma</i> caespitosa differs from the three species included in volume 25 in having two rows of tufts of hair in which the upper row of hairs greatly exceeds the lemma body. Like <i>R. biannulare</i>, it has intravaginal branching. <i>Rytidosperma</i> richardsonii has lemma lobes that are shorter than the lemma body, and obovate paleas that are 2-2.5 mm wide.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=blumler2001a<br />
|text=Blumler, M. 2001. Notes and comments. Fremontia 29:36<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=connor1979a<br />
|text=Connor, H.E. and E. Edgar. 1979. Rytidosperma Steudel (Nothodantbonia Zotov) in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 17:311-337<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=edgar2000a<br />
|text=Edgar, E. and H.E. Connor. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. 5. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. 650 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=linder1996a<br />
|text=Linder, H.P. and G.A. Verboom. 1996. Generic limits in the Rytidosperma (Danthonieae, Poaceae) complex. Telopea 6:597-627<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=linder1997b<br />
|text=Linder, H.P. 1997. Nomenclatural corrections in the Rytidosperma complex (Danthonieae, Poaceae). Telopea 7:269-274<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=murphy1950a<br />
|text=Murphy, A.H. and R.M. Love. 1950. Hairy oatgrass, Danthonia pilosa R. Br., as a weedy range grass. Bull. Calif. Dep. Agric. 39:118-124<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=myers1947a<br />
|text=Myers, W.M. 1947. Cytology and genetics of forage grasses (concluded). Bot. Rev. 7:369-419<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=vickery1956a<br />
|text=Vickery, J.W. 1956. A revision of the Australian species of Danthonia DC. Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb. 2:249-325<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=weintraub1953a<br />
|text=Weintraub, EC. 1953. Grasses Introduced into the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 58. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 79 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=zotov1963a<br />
|text=Zotov, V.D. 1963. Synopsis of the grass subfamily Arundinoideae in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 1:78-136.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Upper row of lemma hairs in a more or less continuous row of tufts, the hairs much exceeding the base of the awn; shoots intravaginal, without scaly cataphylls<br />
|[[Rytidosperma biannulare|Rytidosperma biannulare]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Upper row of lemma hairs in isolated tufts or only at the margins, the hairs not or only just exceeding the base of the awn; some or most shoots extravaginal and with scaly cataphylls.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Callus hairs usually overlapping the lower row of lemma hairs; upper row of lemma hairs often reduced to marginal tufts, sometimes scanty medial tufts also present<br />
|[[Rytidosperma penicillatum|Rytidosperma penicillatum]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Callus hairs short, rarely reaching the lower row of lemma hairs; upper row of lemma hairs usually with scanty medial tufts<br />
|[[Rytidosperma racemosum|Rytidosperma racemosum]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Rytidosperma<br />
|author=Stephen J. Darbyshire;Henry E. Connor;<br />
|authority=Steud.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Calif.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Oreg.<br />
|reference=blumler2001a;connor1979a;edgar2000a;linder1996a;linder1997b;murphy1950a;myers1947a;vickery1956a;weintraub1953a;zotov1963a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_974.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Danthonioideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Danthonieae<br />
|genus=Rytidosperma<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Danthonieae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_%C3%97townsendii&diff=409541Spartina ×townsendii2021-05-28T17:30:53Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina ×townsendii<br />
|accepted_authority=H. Groves & J. Groves<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Townsend's cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina ×townsendii<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina ×townsendii]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 246<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>rhizomatous; rhizomes whitish, scales not inflated, not closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 150 cm, relatively hard, solitary or in small clumps. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throats pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-1.8 mm; blades 6-30 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, diverging 20-45° from the culms, flat proximally, involute distally, both surfaces glabrous, margins smooth. <b>Panicles</b> 15-25 cm, with 2-10 branches; branches 4-24 cm, loosely appressed, with 10-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 16-22 mm. <b>Glumes</b> mostly appressed pubescent, margins glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; lower glumes 8-14 mm, linear, acuminate to obtuse; upper glumes 16-22 mm, acuminate to obtuse; lemmas mostly pubescent, keels glabrous near the base, margins glabrous throughout, apices obtuse to rounded or obscurely lobed; anthers 5-10 mm, poorly filled, indehiscent at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 60, 60+2.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=B.C.;Wash.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina ×townsendii</i> is a sterile hybrid between the European <i>S. maritima</i> and the American <i>S. alterniflora</i>. It seems to have formed spontaneously at several locations in Europe, often taking over the areas formerly occupied by its progenitors. At some locations it has given rise to the fertile amphiploid <i>S. anglica</i>, from which it differes morphologically in its narrower, less divergent upper blades, shorter ligules, shorter, less hairy spikelets, and poorly filled, indehiscent anthers. <i>Spartina ×townsendii</i> has been used throughout the world for tideland reclamation because it is easy to establish, but it displaces native species.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina ×townsendii<br />
|authority=H. Groves & J. Groves<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=B.C.;Wash.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_857.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina ×townsendii<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_spartinae&diff=409540Spartina spartinae2021-05-28T17:30:50Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina spartinae<br />
|accepted_authority=(Trin.) Merr. ex Hitch.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Gulf cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina spartinae<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina spartinae]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 243<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>cespitose, not rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> 40-200 cm, in large clumps, hard, usually glabrous, nodes frequently exposed. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throat glabrous, sometimes scabrous; ligules 1-2 mm; blades 1.5-4.5 mm wide, involute when fresh, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adax-ial surfaces and margins scabrous. <b>Panicles</b> 6-70 cm, smoothly cylindrical in outline, with (6)15-75 branches, internodes shorter than the branches; branches 0.5-4(7) cm, lower branches often longer than those above, all branches tightly appressed, closely imbricate, with 10-60 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 5-8(10) mm. <b>Glumes</b> glabrous or hispidulous, keels hispid; lower glumes 2-8 mm, acuminate; upper glumes 4-8(10) mm, acuminate to obtuse, keels hispid, lateral veins 1-2, if 2, these on either side of the keel; lemmas 5-6 mm, glabrous or hispidulous, keels hispid over the distal 2/3, apices usually acuminate or apiculate, rarely obtuse; anthers 3-5 mm, dark red to purple. <b>2n</b> = 40.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Tex.;Fla.;Ala.;Miss.;La.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina spartinae</i> grows from the Gulf coast through Mexico to Costa Rica in North America and, in South America, in Paraguay and northern Argentina. In the United States, it grows in sandy beaches, roadsides, ditches, wet meadows, and arid pastures near the coast, the most inland collection being 60 miles from the coast. In other parts of its range it sometimes grows well inland in saline soils where <i>Pinus palustris</i> (longleaf pine) is dominant or co-dominant.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina spartinae<br />
|authority=(Trin.) Merr. ex Hitch.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Tex.;Fla.;Ala.;Miss.;La.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_853.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina spartinae<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_pectinata&diff=409539Spartina pectinata2021-05-28T17:30:49Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina pectinata<br />
|accepted_authority=Link<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Prairie cordgrass;Spartine pectinee<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=E<br />
|label=Endemic<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Spartina pectinata var. suttiei<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina pectinata<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina pectinata]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 250<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>strongly rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, (2)3-8 mm thick, purplish-brown or light brown (drying white), scales closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 250 cm tall, 2.5-11 mm thick, solitary or in small clumps, indurate. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throats often pilose; ligules 1-3 mm; blades 20-96 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, flat when fresh, becoming involute when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, margins strongly scabrous, blade of the second leaf below the panicles 32-96 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, usually involute. <b>Panicles</b> 10-50 cm, not smooth in outline, with 5-50 branches; branches 1.5-15 cm, appressed to somewhat spreading, with 10-80 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 10-25 mm. <b>Glumes</b> shortly awned, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous; lower glumes 5-10 mm, from 3/4 as long as to equaling the adjacent lemmas, keels hispid, apices awned; upper glumes 10-25 mm (including the awn), exceeding the florets, glabrous or sparsely hispid, keels scabrous to hispid, trichomes about 0.3 mm, lateral veins usually glabrous (rarely hispid), on either side of, and close to, the keels, apices awned, awns 3-8 mm; lemmas glabrous, keels pectinate distally, apices bilobed, lobes 0.2-0.9 mm; anthers 4-6 mm, well-filled, dehiscent. <b>2n</b> = 40, 40+1, 80.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Colo.;Alta.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Idaho;Tenn.;Pa.;Wyo.;R.I.;Va.;Mass.;Maine;Vt.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;B.C.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina pectinata</i> is native to Canada and the United States, but it has been introduced at scattered locations on other continents. On the Atlantic coast, it grows in marshes, sloughs, and flood plains, being a common constituent of ice-scoured zones of the northeast and growing equally well in salt and fresh water habitats. In western North America, it grows in both wet and dry soils, including dry prairie habitats and along roads and railroads.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Spartina pectinata</i> is thought to be one of the parents of <i>S. xcaespitosa</i>, the other parent being <i>S. patens</i>.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina pectinata<br />
|authority=Link<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Spartina pectinata var. suttiei<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Colo.;Alta.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Idaho;Tenn.;Pa.;Wyo.;R.I.;Va.;Mass.;Maine;Vt.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;B.C.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Ky.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Endemic<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_865.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina pectinata<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_maritima&diff=409538Spartina maritima2021-05-28T17:30:40Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina maritima<br />
|accepted_authority=(Curtis) Fernald<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Small cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Spartina intermedia<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina maritima<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina maritima]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 246<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>rhizomatous; rhizomes with scales not inflated, not imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 80 cm, relatively soft, solitary or in small clumps. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throat sometimes sparingly pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 0.2-0.6 mm; blades 6-12 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, loosely involute, disarticulating from the sheaths, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins smooth. <b>Panicles</b> 4-14 cm, with (1)2-3(7) branches; branches 2-11 cm, alternate, loosely appressed, not twisted, lower and upper branches more or less equally imbricate, with 5-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 10-15 mm. <b>Glumes</b> straight, mostly appressed pubescent, only the margins glabrous; lower glumes 7-10 mm, narrow, acuminate, obtuse, or rounded; upper glumes 10-15 mm, acuminate (rarely obtuse); lemmas mostly appressed pubescent, margins and basal portion of the keels glabrous, apices acuminate; anthers 3-6.5 mm, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 60.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=N.J.;N.Y.;Miss.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina maritima</i> is a European species that has been reported as growing in Mississippi (Kartesz and Meacham 1999); the record has not been verified for this treatment. It also grows in Africa, possibly as an introduction.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina maritima<br />
|authority=(Curtis) Fernald<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Spartina intermedia<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=N.J.;N.Y.;Miss.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_856.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina maritima<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_gracilis&diff=409537Spartina gracilis2021-05-28T17:30:34Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina gracilis<br />
|accepted_authority=Trin.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Alkali cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina gracilis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina gracilis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 247<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>strongly rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, 1.5-5 mm thick, whitish, scales not inflated, closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> 40-100 cm tall, 2-3.5 mm thick, usually solitary, erect, terete, indurate, glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> smooth or striate, mostly or completely glabrous, throats occasionally ciliate; ligules 0.5-1 mm; blades 6-30 cm long, 2.5-8 mm wide, flat, becoming involute, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces scabrous, margins scabrous. <b>Panicles</b> 8-25 cm, not smooth in outline, with 3-12 branches; branches 1.5-8 cm, alternate, differing only slightly in length and spacing within a panicle, usually appressed, rarely spreading, with 10-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 6-11 mm, ovate to lanceolate. <b>Glumes</b> with glabrous or sparingly hispidulous margins, apices acute or mucronate; lower glumes 3-7 mm, sides narrow, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, keels glabrous or strigose; upper glumes 6-10 mm, usually equaling the florets, keels strigose, hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, lateral veins 2, inconspicuous, both on the same side of the keel; lemmas glabrous or sparsely hirsute, keels hirsute, at least distally, hairs 0.3-1 mm, margins sparsely hairy, apices obtuse to rounded, sometimes obscurely lobed; paleas sparsely hispid distally, obtuse to slightly rounded; anthers 2.5-5 mm, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 40.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Colo.;N.Mex.;Wash.;Utah;Calif.;Minn.;Oreg.;Mont.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Wyo.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina gracilis</i> is found on the margins of alkaline lakes and along stream margins and river bottoms. Its range extends from the southern portion of the Northwest Territories, Canada, to central Mexico.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina gracilis<br />
|authority=Trin.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Colo.;N.Mex.;Wash.;Utah;Calif.;Minn.;Oreg.;Mont.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.W.T.;Sask.;Wyo.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nev.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_862.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina gracilis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_foliosa&diff=409536Spartina foliosa2021-05-28T17:30:25Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina foliosa<br />
|accepted_authority=Trin.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=California cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina foliosa<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina foliosa]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 244<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>occasionally streaked or tinged with purple, rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, flaccid, whitish, scales inflated, not closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 150 cm tall, to 10 mm thick, erect, terete, solitary or in small clumps, succulent, glabrous, often with adventitious roots from the lower nodes, having an unpleasant, sulphurous odor when fresh. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throats sparsely pilose, lower sheaths sometimes somewhat wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades 8-12 mm wide, flat to loosely involute, glabrous, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices acuminate. <b>Panicles</b> 12-25 cm, with 3-25 branches, smoothly cylindrical, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheath; rachises twisted, glabrous; branches 2-8 cm, usually closely appressed and twisted, lower branches noticeably longer and less closely imbricate than the upper branches, all branches with axes rarely extending past the distal spikelets, with 8-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 8-25 mm, usually appressed, often appearing twisted, those on the lower branches usually less closely imbricate than those on the upper branches. <b>Glumes</b> usually curved, sides and keels glabrous, scabrous, or hispid, apices acuminate to obtuse or rounded; lower glumes 6-12 mm; upper glumes 8-25 mm, 1-veined; lemmas glabrous or sparsely appressed pubescent on the sides, keels glabrous, apices obtuse, rounded or lobed; paleas slightly exceeding the lemmas, thin, papery, glabrous, apices usually rounded, rarely acuminate; anthers 3-6 mm. <b>2n</b> = 60.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Calif.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina foliosa</i> grows in the intertidal zone from northern California to Baja California, Mexico. Populations in San Francisco Bay are threatened by various introduced species of <i>Spartina</i>. Of particular concern is <i>S. alterniflora</i>, which forms hybrids with <i>S. foliosa</i> that have a broader ecological amplitude than either parent. In California, <i>S. foliosa</i> is often confused with <i>S. densiflora</i>, which is also established in some regions, but <i>S. foliosa</i> differs from that species in being rhizomatous and having softer culms and wider leaf blades.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina foliosa<br />
|authority=Trin.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Calif.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_855.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina foliosa<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_densiflora&diff=409535Spartina densiflora2021-05-28T17:30:22Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina densiflora<br />
|accepted_authority=Brongn.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Densely-flowered cordgrass<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=I<br />
|label=Introduced<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina densiflora<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina densiflora]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 247<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>cespitose, rarely rhizomatous; rhizomes, when present, short, to 10 mm thick. <b>Culms</b> 27-150 cm, forming large clumps, indurate, usually with short extravaginal shoots appressed to the culms. <b>Sheaths</b> glabrous, lower sheaths smooth, indurate and shining, upper sheaths dull and somewhat striate; ligules 1-2 mm; blades 12-43 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, involute when fresh, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces and margins scabrous, apices acuminate. <b>Panicles</b> 10-30 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, sinuous in outline, often twisted, with 2-15 branches; branches 1-11 cm long, longer branches narrower than the shorter branches, all branches tightly appressed, moderately imbricate, axes not prolonged beyond the distal spikelets, with 10-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 8-14 mm. <b>Glumes</b> glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, keels hispidulous, margins sparsely hispidulous; lower glumes 4-7 mm, usually obtuse; upper glumes 8-14 mm, 1-veined, usually acuminate; lemmas minutely hispidulous, keels glabrous proximally, hispidulous distally, apices acuminate to obtuse; paleas acuminate, keels glabrous basally, hispidulous distally; anthers 3-5 mm. <b>2n</b> = 60 [this chromosome count was obtained by Gerish (1979), who reported it for <i>S. foliosa</i>, but Spicher and Josselyn (1985) demonstrated that the plants he worked with were almost certainly <i>S. densiflora</i>, a species that hitherto had been misidentified as the native <i>S. foliosa</i>].</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Calif.;B.C.;Wash.;Oreg.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina densiflora</i> is native to South America, where it grows in coastal marshes and at inland sites. It was introduced to Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, California, possibly during the nineteenth century. It is now established there and in several locations around San Francisco Bay and in Washington, Oregon, and Texas, as well as the Mediterranean coast of Europe. In California, it has often been mistaken for <i>S. foliosa</i>, from which it differs in its indurate culms, narrow, inrolled leaves, and cespitose growth habit and tendency to grow among <i>Salicornia</i> in the upper intertidal zone or in open mud.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=gerish1979a<br />
|text=Gerish, W. 1979. Chromosomal analysis of a previously unidentified Spartina species. Master's thesis. Long Island University, Brookville, New York, U.S.A. [cited by Spicher and Josselyn]<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=spicher1985b<br />
|text=Spicher, D. and M. Josselyn. 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: Distribution and taxonomic notes. Madroño 32: 158-167<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina densiflora<br />
|authority=Brongn.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Calif.;B.C.;Wash.;Oreg.<br />
|reference=gerish1979a;spicher1985b<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Introduced<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_861.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina densiflora<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_cynosuroides&diff=409534Spartina cynosuroides2021-05-28T17:30:19Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina cynosuroides<br />
|accepted_authority=(L.) Roth<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Big cordgrass<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=E<br />
|label=Endemic<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina cynosuroides<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina cynosuroides]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 247<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>strongly rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, purplish-brown or tan, scales closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> 100-350 cm tall, 1-2 cm thick, hard, solitary or few together. <b>Sheaths</b> smooth to striate, mostly glabrous, throats often densely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-3 mm; blades 6-20 mm wide, flat or involute, glabrous on both surfaces, margins strongly scabrous, apices acuminate, second blade below the panicles 5-15 mm wide, usually flat. <b>Panicles</b> 15-40 cm, not smooth in outline, with 5-67 branches; branches 6-15 cm, usually spreading, with 10-70 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 9-14 mm. <b>Glumes</b> with hispid keels and hispidulous margins; lower glumes 3-7 mm, from less than 1/2 as long as to 2/3 as long as the adjacent lemmas, linear, acute; upper glumes 9-14 mm, usually more than twice as long as the lower glumes, exceeding the florets, mostly glabrous or hispidulous, keels scabrous or hispid, trichomes to 0.3 mm, 2 lateral veins prominent, 1 on each side of the keel, usually hispid, apices unawned or awned, the awns to 2 mm; lemmas glabrous or hispidulous, sometimes glabrous proximally and hispidulous distally, apices obtuse to rounded, sometimes shallowly bilobed; anthers 4-6 mm, well-filled, dehiscent. <b>2n</b> = 40.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Md.;N.J.;Mass.;Miss.;Conn.;R.I.;La.;Del.;Ala.;N.C.;S.C.;Va.;Pa.;Ga.;Tex.;N.Y.;Fla.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina cynosuroides</i> grows in brackish estuaries, tidal lagoons and bays, and in maritime habitats bordering the strand and intertidal zones. It grows primarily on the eastern and Gulf coasts of the United States, but has also been found in Michigan, possibly introduced by shipping. Reports from South Dakota are based on a misidentification.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina cynosuroides<br />
|authority=(L.) Roth<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Md.;N.J.;Mass.;Miss.;Conn.;R.I.;La.;Del.;Ala.;N.C.;S.C.;Va.;Pa.;Ga.;Tex.;N.Y.;Fla.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Endemic<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_860.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina cynosuroides<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_%C3%97caespitosa&diff=409533Spartina ×caespitosa2021-05-28T17:30:16Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina ×caespitosa<br />
|accepted_authority=A. A. Eaton<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Mixed cordgrass<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina ×caespitosa<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina ×caespitosa]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 249<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>rhizomatous or not; rhizomes, when present, thick, usually purplish-brown, scales closely imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 120 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick, indurate, solitary or in small, dense clumps. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throats glabrous or short-pilose; ligules 0.5-1 mm; blades 8-56 cm long, 2-6(7) mm wide, usually involute, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or scabrous, margins strongly scabrous, blade of the second leaf below the panicles 8-56 cm long, 2-5(7) mm wide. <b>Panicles</b> 9-20 cm, not smoothly cylindrical, with 3-9 branches; branches 3-9 cm, appressed or spreading, with 20-50 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 10-17 mm, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. <b>Glumes</b> glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, keels glabrous, hispid in whole or in part, or ciliate; lower glumes 4-9 mm, acuminate or awned; upper glumes 10-17 mm, exceeding the florets, keels hispid, lateral veins prominent, 1 on each side of the keel or 2-3 on 1 side of the keel, apices acuminate or awned; lemmas glabrous or sparsely hispidulous, apices obtuse, rounded, obscurely lobed, or apiculate; anthers 3-6 mm, poorly filled, indehiscent. <b>2n</b> = 60, 60+2.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Maine;Md.;N.J.;Mass.;N.B.;N.S.;P.E.I.;Va.;Conn.;N.Y.;Del.;N.H.;R.I.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina ×caespitosa</i> is found in disturbed areas of the drier portions of salt and brackish marshes, at some distance above the intertidal zone. It occurs sporadically along the coast from Maine to Maryland, a region where its putative parents, <i>S. pectinata</i> and <i>S. patens</i>, are sympatric. None of the populations Mobberley (1956) examined was growing in undisturbed land.</p><!--<br />
--><p>Mobberley's (1956) investigations led him to conclude that the populations of <i>S. ×caespitosa</i> are polythetic in origin. Part of the evidence for his conclusion was the variability he observed. It is this variability that makes it necessary to bring out the hybrid at several locations in the key. Its distribution is, however, very limited, a fact that may be more useful for identification than any of the morphological characteristics examined.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina ×caespitosa<br />
|authority=A. A. Eaton<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Maine;Md.;N.J.;Mass.;N.B.;N.S.;P.E.I.;Va.;Conn.;N.Y.;Del.;N.H.;R.I.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_864.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina ×caespitosa<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_bakeri&diff=409532Spartina bakeri2021-05-28T17:30:13Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina bakeri<br />
|accepted_authority=Merr.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Sand cordgrass<br />
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status<br />
|code=E<br />
|label=Endemic<br />
}}<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina bakeri<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina bakeri]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 246<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>cespitose, bases knotty, not rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> to 200 cm, in large, dense clumps, indurate, often branching from the lower nodes. <b>Sheaths</b> smooth to striate, glabrous; ligules 0.5-2 mm; blades 10-50 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, usually involute, rarely flat, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces and margins scabrous, apices acuminate. <b>Panicles</b> 8-25 cm, usually shallowly sinuous or lobed in outline, with 3-16 branches; branches 2-6 cm, usually appressed, moderately imbricate, axes glabrous, sometimes somewhat scabrous on the angles, with 10-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 6-9 mm. <b>Glumes</b> with hispid keels and hispidulous margins, apices acuminate; lower glumes 3-6 mm, to 2/3 as long as the upper glumes; upper glumes 6-9 mm, hispidulous, 3-4-veined, lateral veins 2-3, prominent, on 1 side of the keel; lemmas mostly glabrous, keels hispid, margins glabrous or hispid, apices acute to obtuse, sometimes obscurely lobed; anthers about 5 mm, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity. <b>2n</b> = 40.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=S.C.;Fla.;Tex.;Ga.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina bakeri</i> grows on sandy maritime beaches and other salt water sites in the southeastern coastal states and on the shores of inland, freshwater lakes in Florida. Its inflorescence is similar to that of <i>S. patens</i>, but the branches of <i>S. patens</i> usually diverge from the rachises at maturity, whereas those of <i>S. bakeri</i> remain appressed. <i>Spartina bakeri</i> is distinct from most other species of <i>Spartina</i> in North America in forming dense clumps and in being able to grow in freshwater habitats.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina bakeri<br />
|authority=Merr.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=S.C.;Fla.;Tex.;Ga.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=Endemic<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_859.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina bakeri<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina_alterniflora&diff=409531Spartina alterniflora2021-05-28T17:30:10Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina alterniflora<br />
|accepted_authority=Loisel.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Smooth cordgrass;Spartine alterniflore<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Spartina alterniflora var. glabra<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=variety<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina;Spartina alterniflora<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Spartina alterniflora]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 244<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>rhizomatous; rhizomes elongate, flaccid, white, scales inflated, not or only slightly imbricate. <b>Culms</b> to 250 cm tall, (0.3)5-15(20) mm thick, erect, solitary or in small clumps, succulent, glabrous, having an unpleasant, sulphurous odor when fresh. <b>Sheaths</b> mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. <b>Panicles</b> 10-40 cm, with 3-25 branches, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheath; branches 5-15 cm, loosely appressed, not twisted, more or less equally subremote to moderately imbricate throughout the panicle, axes often prolonged beyond the distal spikelets, with 10-30 spikelets. <b>Spikelets</b> 8-14 mm, straight, usually divergent, more or less equally imbricate on all the branches. <b>Glumes</b> straight, sides usually glabrous, sometimes pilose near the base or appressed pubescent, hairs to 0.3 mm; lower glumes 4-10 mm, acute; upper glumes 8-14 mm, keels glabrous, lateral veins not present, apices acuminate to obtuse, occasionally apiculate; lemmas glabrous or sparsely pilose, apices usually acuminate; paleas slightly exceeding the lemmas, thin, papery, apices obtuse or rounded; anthers 3-6 mm. <b>2n</b> = 62.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Fla.;N.H.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;S.C.;Ala.;Miss.;R.I.;Va.;Calif.;Ga.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;P.E.I.;Que.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Oreg.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina alterniflora</i> is found on muddy banks, usually of the intertidal zone, in eastern North and South America, but it is not known from Central America. In addition, it has become established on the west coast of North America, and in England and southeastern France. It hybridizes with <i>S. maritima</i> in Europe, with <i>S. pectinata</i> in Massachusetts, and with <i>S. foliosa</i> in California.</p><!--<br />
--><p>The rhizomes and scales of <i>S. alterniflora</i> have large air spaces, presumably an adaptation to the anaerobic soils of its usual habitat. Decaploid plants tend to be larger than octoploids, but they cannot be reliably distinguished without a chromosome count.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Spartina alterniflora</i> is considered a serious threat to coastal ecosystems in Washington and California. It out-competes many of the native species in these habitats and frequently invades mud flats and channels, converting them to marshlands. Pure <i>S. alterniflora</i> grows within the lower elevational marsh zones in its native range but, in San Francisco Bay, its hybrids with <i>S. foliosa</i> grow both below and above the range of that species.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Spartina alterniflora</i> is now a major weed problem in southeastern China (Normile 2004).</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=normile2004a<br />
|text=Normile, D. 2004. Expanding trade with China creates ecological backlash. Science 306:968-969<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina alterniflora<br />
|authority=Loisel.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa;Spartina alterniflora var. glabra<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Linda Bea Miller<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Fla.;N.H.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;S.C.;Ala.;Miss.;R.I.;Va.;Calif.;Ga.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;P.E.I.;Que.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Oreg.<br />
|reference=normile2004a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_854.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
|species=Spartina alterniflora<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Spartina]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Spartina&diff=409530Spartina2021-05-28T17:30:07Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Spartina<br />
|accepted_authority=Schreb.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Spartina<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Spartina]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 240<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose from knotty bases or rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> 10-350 cm, erect, terete, solitary or in small to large clumps. <b>Leaves</b> mostly cauline; sheaths open, smooth, sometimes striate; ligules membranous, ciliate, cilia longer than the membranous bases; blades flat or involute. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, usually exceeding the upper leaves, 3-70 cm, panicles of 1-75 spikelike branches attached to an elongate rachis; branches racemosely arranged, alternate, opposite, or whorled, appressed to strongly divergent, axes 3-sided, spikelets usually sessile on the 2 lower sides, usually divergent to strongly divergent; disarticulation beneath the glumes. <b>Spikelets</b> laterally compressed, with 1 floret. <b>Glumes</b> unequal, strongly keeled; lower glumes shorter than the florets, 1-veined; upper glumes usually longer than the florets, 1-6-veined; lemmas shorter than the paleas, 1-3-veined, midveins keeled, lateral veins usually obscure; paleas thin, papery, 2-veined, obscurely keeled; anthers 3; lodicules sometimes present, truncate, vascularized; styles 2, plumose. <b>Caryopses</b> rarely produced, x = 10.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;B.C.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Idaho;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Miss.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Man.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Alta.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Spartina</i> is a genus of 15-17 species, most of which grow in moist to wet, saline habitats, both coastal and interior. Reproduction of all the species is almost entirely vegetative.</p><!--<br />
--><p>There are nine native and two introduced species in the Flora region, plus three hybrids, one of which is native, the other two being deliberate introductions. One of the introduced species, 5. maritima, grows in both Europe and at a few locations in Africa; the African populations may also represent introductions.</p><!--<br />
--><p>On the eastern seaboard of North America, the native species of <i>Spartina</i> extend as far north as Nova Scotia, but the few species native to the western seaboard do not extend north of California. Two species, <i>S. alterniflora</i> and <i>S. densiflora</i>, have, however, become established as far north as Washington and now threaten the health of many coastal salt marshes and mud flats (see http://www.spartina.org/ or http://www.wwta.org/environ/environ_topics.htm).</p><!--<br />
--><p>Mobberley (1956), on whose work this treatment is based, described three groups within <i>Spartina</i>, but did not give them formal recognition. Most of the species in the Flora region belong to his third group, which he characterized as having hard culms, scabrous leaf margins, more or less divergent inflorescence branches, usually closely imbricate spikelets, and hispid keels on their glumes and lemmas. <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and <i>S. foliosa</i> belong to Mobberley's second group, the species of which have rather thick, succulent culms, glabrous blades with smooth margins, and less closely imbricate spikelets than in the other two groups. <i>Spartina spartinae</i> is the only species of his first group to grow in the Flora region. Like other members of the group, it has hard, slender culms, numerous short, closely imbricate inflorescence branches, spikelets that are hispid or villous, at least on the keels of the glumes, and no rhizomes.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=conservancy2002b<br />
|text=Coastal Conservancy. 2002. Invasive Spartina project, http://www.spartina.org/<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=kartesz1999a<br />
|text=Kartesz, J. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0 (CD-ROM). North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=mobberley1956a<br />
|text=Mobberley, D.G. 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30:471-574<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=spicher1985a<br />
|text=Spicher, D. and M. Joselyn. 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: Distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32:158-167.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Leaf blades with smooth or slightly scabrous margins.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Panicles branches 2-8 cm long, usually closely appressed and often twisted, the lower branches evidently less closely imbricate than the upper branches; glumes usually curved; plants of California and Baja California, Mexico<br />
|[[Spartina foliosa|Spartina foliosa]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Panicle branches 2-24 cm long, usually loosely appressed or divergent, usually not twisted, lower and upper branches more or less equally imbricate; glumes straight; plants of varied distribution, including California and Baja California, Mexico.<br />
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Glumes usually mostly glabrous on the sides, sometimes with appressed hairs; panicles with 3-25 branches<br />
|[[Spartina alterniflora|Spartina alterniflora]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Glumes usually with appressed hairs on the sides, the margins sometimes glabrous; panicles with 1-12 branches.<br />
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Ligules 2-3 mm long; anthers 5-13 mm long, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity<br />
|[[Spartina anglica|Spartina anglica]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Ligules 0.2-1.8 mm long; anthers 3-10 mm long, sometimes poorly filled and indehiscent at maturity.<br />
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Ligules 0.2-0.6 mm long; leaf blades 6-12 cm long; anthers 3-6.5 mm long, well-filled, dehiscent at maturity<br />
|[[Spartina maritima|Spartina maritima]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Ligules 1-1.8 mm long; leaf blades 6-30 cm long; anthers 5-10 mm long, poorly filled and indehiscent at maturity<br />
|[[Spartina ×townsendii|Spartina ×townsendii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Leaf blades with strongly scabrous margins.<br />
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Panicles smooth in outline, with (6)15-75 tightly appressed panicle branches; branches 0.5-4(7) cm long; plants without rhizomes<br />
|[[Spartina spartinae|Spartina spartinae]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Panicles not smooth in outline, with 2-67 tightly appressed to strongly divergent branches; branches 1-15 cm; plants with more than 15 panicle branches always strongly rhizomatous, those with less than 16 branches with or without rhizomes.<br />
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Plants without rhizomes or the rhizomes short; culms usually clumped; panicle branches 2-16.<br />
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Upper glumes 1-veined<br />
|[[Spartina densiflora|Spartina densiflora]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Upper glumes 3-4-veined.<br />
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Spikelets 6-9 mm long; culms to 200 cm tall; plants of the southeastern United States<br />
|[[Spartina bakeri|Spartina bakeri]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Spikelets 10-17 mm long; culms to 120 cm tall; plants of the northeastern United States<br />
|[[Spartina ×caespitosa|Spartina ×caespitosa]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Plants with well-developed rhizomes; culms usually solitary, sometimes a few together; panicle branches 3-67.<br />
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Rhizomes whitish; upper glumes 1-veined or with all lateral veins on the same side of the keels; panicles with 2-15 branches, the branches 1-9 cm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Spikelets 6-11 mm long, ovate to lanceolate; inland plants of western North America, rarely found east of Lake Winnipeg and the Mississippi Valley<br />
|[[Spartina gracilis|Spartina gracilis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Spikelets 7-17 mm long, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; usually coastal, also known from a few inland sites in northeastern North America.<br />
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Spikelets 7-12 mm long; blade of the second leaf below the panicles 0.5-4(7) mm wide; plants of disturbed and undisturbed coastal habitats from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico and, as an introduction, on the west coast of North America<br />
|[[Spartina patens|Spartina patens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Spikelets 10-17 mm long; blade of the second leaf below the panicles 2-7 mm wide; plants of disturbed habitats and artificial wetlands from Maine to Maryland<br />
|[[Spartina ×caespitosa|Spartina ×caespitosa]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Rhizomes light brown to brownish-purple; upper glumes 1-veined or with lateral veins on either side of the keels; panicles with 3-67 branches, the branches 1.5-15 cm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Blade of the second leaf below the panicles 2-5(7) mm wide, usually involute even when fresh; panicles with 3-9 branches, the branches 3-9 cm long<br />
|[[Spartina ×caespitosa|Spartina ×caespitosa]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Blade of the second leaf below the panicles 5-14 mm wide, flat when fresh; panicles with 5-67 branches, the branches 1.5-15 cm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Lower glumes 3/4 as long as to equaling the adjacent lemmas; upper glumes awned, the awns 3-8 mm, with glabrous, rarely hispid, lateral veins<br />
|[[Spartina pectinata|Spartina pectinata]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Lower glumes less than 1/2 as long to 2/3 as long as the adjacent lemmas; upper glumes unawned or with awns up to 2 mm long, usually with hispid lateral veins<br />
|[[Spartina cynosuroides|Spartina cynosuroides]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Spartina<br />
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;<br />
|authority=Schreb.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;W.Va.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;B.C.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Idaho;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Miss.;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Man.;Minn.;Ohio;Oreg.;Md.;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Mont.;Alta.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Ky.<br />
|reference=conservancy2002b;kartesz1999a;mobberley1956a;spicher1985a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_852.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Spartina<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Sporobolus_coahuilensis&diff=409529Sporobolus coahuilensis2021-05-28T17:30:04Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Sporobolus coahuilensis<br />
|accepted_authority=Valdés-Reyna<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Sporobolus;Sporobolus coahuilensis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sporobolus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Sporobolus coahuilensis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual. <b>Culms</b> 15-60 cm, ascending, glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> shorter than the internodes, glabrous; ligules 0.5-1 mm, ciliate; blades 4-12 cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide, flat, spreading, evenly distributed, adaxial surfaces sparsely ciliate-pustulate. <b>Panicles</b> 6-22 cm long, (1)5-13 cm wide, open, sometimes contracted; branches terminating in a spikelet, lowest branches whorled, in verticels of 7-20; pedicels (2)3-6(8) mm, widely spreading, capillary. <b>Spikelets</b> 1.1-1.5 mm. <b>Glumes</b> thin, acute; lower glumes about 0.5 mm; upper glumes 1.1-1.5; lemmas 1.1-1.4 mm, acute; paleas 1-1.3 mm, hyaline. <b>Fruits</b> 0.6-0.9 mm, oblong, light brown; embryos 0.2-0.4 mm.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Sporobolus coahuilensis</i> is primarily known from central Coahuila in Mexico. It has recently been found in Brewster and Hudspeth counties, Texas (Turner 2004). It is not clear whether it has been overlooked in the past or is a recent introduction. <i>Sporobolus coahuilensis</i> appears to be closely related to the widespread species <i>S. pyramidatus</i>, from which it differs in its long capillary pedicels and usually wider panicles.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=turner2004a<br />
|text=Turner, B.L. 2004. Sporobolus coahuilensis (Poaceae): A new record for the U.S.A. from Trans-Pecos, Texas. Sida 21:455-457<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Sporobolus coahuilensis<br />
|authority=Valdés-Reyna<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Cathy Pasquale<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|reference=turner2004a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_1672.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Sporobolus<br />
|species=Sporobolus coahuilensis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Sporobolus]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Sporobolus&diff=409528Sporobolus2021-05-28T17:30:01Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Sporobolus<br />
|accepted_authority=R. Br.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Sporobolus<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sporobolus]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 115<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous. <b>Culms</b> 10-250 cm, usually erect, rarely prostrate, glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> open, usually glabrous, often ciliate at the apices; ligules of hairs; blades flat, folded, involute, sometimes terete. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, open or contracted panicles, sometimes partially included in the upper¬most sheath. <b>Spikelets</b> rounded to laterally compressed, with 1(-3) floret(s) per spikelet; disarticulation above the glumes. <b>Glumes</b> 0-1-veined; calluses poorly developed, usually glabrous; lemmas membranous or chartaceous, 1(3)-veined, unawned; paleas glabrous, 2-veined, often splitting between the veins at maturity; anthers (2)3. <b>Fruits</b> utricles or achenes, ellipsoid, obovoid, fusiform, or quadrangular, pericarp free from the seed, becoming mucilaginous when moist in most species, remaining dry and partially adherent to the seed in 5. heterolepis and 5. clandestinus. <b>Cleistogamous</b> spikelets occasionally present in the lower leaf sheaths, x = 9.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mich.;N.Dak.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Miss.;Utah;Wyo.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Ala.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Md.;Ohio;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Kans.;Mo.;Okla.;Colo.;Ga.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ark.;Idaho;Minn.;S.Dak.;Mont.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Sporobolus</i> is a cosmopolitan genus of more than 160 species that grow in tropical, sub¬tropical, and warm-temperate regions throughout the world. Seventy-three species are native to the Western Hemisphere; 27 are native to the Flora region, three are established introductions, and one was introduced but has not persisted. Two genera of the Western Hemisphere, <i>Calamovilfa</i> and <i>Crypsis</i>, resemble <i>Sporobolus</i> in having hairy ligules, spikelets with 1 floret, 1-veined lemmas, and fruits with a free pericarp (Peterson et al. 1997).</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=baaijens1991a<br />
|text=Baaijens, G.J. and J.F. Veldkamp. 1991. Sporobolus (Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 35:393-458<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=lasgaard2001a<br />
|text=Lasgaard, S. and RM. Peterson. 2001. Flora of Ecuador 68 (ed. G. Harling & L. Andersson). 214(2). Gramineae (part 2): Subfam. Chloridoideae. Botanical Institute, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden and Section for Botany, Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. 131 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=mcgregor1990a<br />
|text=McGregor, R.L. 1990. Seed dormancy and germination in the annual cleistogamous species of Sporobolus (Poaceae). Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 93:8-11<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=peterson1997a<br />
|text=Peterson, P.M., R.D. Webster and J. Valdes-Reyna. 1997. Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 87:1-50<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=riggins1977a<br />
|text=Riggins, R. 1977. A biosystematic study of the Sporobolus asper complex (Gramineae). Iowa State J. Res. 51:287-321<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=simon1999a<br />
|text=Simon, B.K. and S.W.L. Jacobs. 1999. Revision of the genus Sporobolus (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in Australia. Austral. J. Bot. 12:375-148<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=weakley1998a<br />
|text=Weakley, A.S. and P.M. Peterson. 1998. Taxonomy of the Sporobolus floridanus complex (Poaceae: Sporobolinae). Sida 18:247-270.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Plants annuals or short-lived perennials flowering in the first year.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-20 branches<br />
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Pedicels 0.1-0.5(1) mm long, appressed<br />
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Pedicels 2(3)-6(8) mm long, widely spreading<br />
|undefined<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-3 branches<br />
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Spikelets 0.7-1.1 mm long; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus tenuissimus|Sporobolus tenuissimus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Spikelets 1.6-6 mm long; anthers 0.3-3.2 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Mature panicles 10-35 cm long, 4.5-30 cm wide, open; secondary branches spreading; pedicels usually 6-25 mm long, spreading<br />
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Mature panicles 1-5 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm wide, contracted; secondary branches appressed; pedicels usually 0.1-4 mm long, appressed.<br />
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Lemmas strigose; spikelets 2.3-6 mm long; mature fruits (1.1)1.8-2.7 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus vaginiflorus|Sporobolus vaginiflorus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Lemmas glabrous; spikelets 1.6-3 mm long; mature fruits 1.2-1.8 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus neglectus|Sporobolus neglectus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Plants perennial.<br />
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Plants with rhizomes.<br />
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Spikelets 1.4-3.2 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Panicles 0.4-1.6 cm wide, spikelike, blades usually conspicuously distichous<br />
|[[Sporobolus virginicus|Sporobolus virginicus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Panicles 2.4-8 cm wide, somewhat contracted to lax and open, blades not obviously distichous<br />
|[[Sporobolus fimbriatus|Sporobolus fimbriatus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Spikelets 4-10 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Panicles (0.6)1-8 cm wide, open to somewhat contracted, narrowly pyramidal, well-exerted from the uppermost sheath; branches without spikelets on the lower 1/3<br />
|[[Sporobolus interruptus|Sporobolus interruptus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Panicles 0.04-1.6 cm wide, narrow or spikelike, partially to wholly included in the uppermost sheath; branches spikelet-bearing to the base.<br />
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Fruits 1-2 mm long; pericarp gelatinous, slipping from the seed when wet; panicles 5-30 cm long, 0.4-1.6 cm wide; lemmas glabrous, smooth<br />
|[[Sporobolus compositus|Sporobolus compositus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Fruits (1.5)2.4-3.5 mm long; pericarp loose but neither gelatinous nor slipping from the seed when wet; panicles 5-11 cm long, 0.04-0.3 cm wide; lemmas minutely pubescent or scabridulous<br />
|[[Sporobolus clandestinus|Sporobolus clandestinus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Plants without rhizomes.<br />
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Upper glumes usually less than 2/3 as long as the florets.<br />
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Lower panicle branches much shorter than the adjacent internodes, appressed to strongly ascending<br />
|[[Sporobolus creber|Sporobolus creber]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Lower panicle branches usually as long as or longer than the adjacent internodes, appressed or ascending.<br />
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Spikelets 2-2.7 mm long; upper glumes usually 1/2 - 2/3 as long as the florets, acute to obtuse, entire<br />
|[[Sporobolus indicus|Sporobolus indicus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Spikelets 1.3-1.8(2) mm long; upper glumes usually less than 1/2 as long as the florets, rarely longer; truncate, erose to denticulate.<br />
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]<br />
|-id=key-0-15<br />
|15<br />
|Anthers 0.9-1.1 mm long, usually 3, rarely 2; branches spikelet-bearing to the base<br />
|[[Sporobolus jacquemontii|Sporobolus jacquemontii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-15<br />
|15<br />
|Anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long, usually 2, rarely 3; branches without spikelets on the lower 1/4<br />
|[[Sporobolus diandrus|Sporobolus diandrus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Upper glumes at least 2/3 as long as the florets, often longer.<br />
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]<br />
|-id=key-0-16<br />
|16<br />
|Spikelets 1-2.5(2.8) mm long [for opposite lead, see p. 117].<br />
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]<br />
|-id=key-0-17<br />
|17<br />
|Lower sheaths keeled and flattened below<br />
|[[Sporobolus buckleyi|Sporobolus buckleyi]]<br />
|-id=key-0-17<br />
|17<br />
|Lower sheaths rounded below.<br />
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]<br />
|-id=key-0-18<br />
|18<br />
|Panicles 12-35 cm wide, open.<br />
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]<br />
|-id=key-0-19<br />
|19<br />
|Sheath apices with a conspicuous tuft of white hairs; flag blades nearly perpendicular to the culms<br />
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-19<br />
|19<br />
|Sheath apices glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; flag blades ascending.<br />
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]<br />
|-id=key-0-20<br />
|20<br />
|Secondary panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base; pedicels mostly appressed, mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; panicles 20-60 cm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus wrightii|Sporobolus wrightii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-20<br />
|20<br />
|Secondary panicle branches without spikelets on the lower 1/4 - 1/2; pedicels mostly spreading, mostly 0.5-25 mm long; panicles 10-45 cm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]<br />
|-id=key-0-21<br />
|21<br />
|Pedicels 0.5-2 mm long; anthers 1.1-1.8 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus airoides|Sporobolus airoides]]<br />
|-id=key-0-21<br />
|21<br />
|Pedicels 6-25 mm long; anthers 0.3-1 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-18<br />
|18<br />
|Panicles 0.2-12(14) cm wide, contracted to open.<br />
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]<br />
|-id=key-0-22<br />
|22<br />
|Mature panicles 0.2-5 cm wide, contracted, often spikelike, the panicle branches appressed or diverging no more than 30° from the rachises.<br />
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]<br />
|-id=key-0-23<br />
|23<br />
|Primary panicle branches without spikelets on the lower 1/8–1/2 of their length.<br />
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]<br />
|-id=key-0-24<br />
|24<br />
|Leaf blades 1-1.5 mm wide; ligules 0.2-0.4 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus nealleyi|Sporobolus nealleyi]]<br />
|-id=key-0-24<br />
|24<br />
|Leaf blades 2-6 mm wide; ligules 0.3-1 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]<br />
|-id=key-0-25<br />
|25<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-12(15) branches; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-25<br />
|25<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-3 branches; anthers 0.5-1 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-23<br />
|23<br />
|Primary panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base.<br />
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]<br />
|-id=key-0-26<br />
|26<br />
|Lower glumes usually 1-veined; mature panicles 0.2-0.8(1) cm wide; lemmas 2-3.2 mm long, linear-lanceolate; upper glumes 2-3.2 mm long; anthers 3, 0.3-0.5 mm long; plants primarily from west of the Mississippi River<br />
|[[Sporobolus contractus|Sporobolus contractus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-26<br />
|26<br />
|Lower glumes usually without veins; mature panicles 1-5 cm wide; lemmas 1.1-2 mm long, ovate; upper glumes 1.1-2 mm long; anthers 2 or 3, 0.5-1 mm long; plants primarily from east of the Mississippi River<br />
|[[Sporobolus domingensis|Sporobolus domingensis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-22<br />
|22<br />
|Mature panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, open, pyramidal to subovate or oblong, the panicle branches diverging more than 10° from the rachises, sometimes reflexed.<br />
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]<br />
|-id=key-0-27<br />
|27<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 7-12(15) branches; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus pyramidatus|Sporobolus pyramidatus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-27<br />
|27<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-2(3) branches; anthers 0.4-1 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]<br />
|-id=key-0-28<br />
|28<br />
|Pedicels 6-25 mm long, spreading; panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, about as long as wide, diffuse<br />
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-28<br />
|28<br />
|Pedicels 0.1-3 mm long, appressed or spreading; panicles 0.3-14 cm wide, longer than wide, open and/or drooping.<br />
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]<br />
|-id=key-0-29<br />
|29<br />
|Culms 10-50(60) cm tall, 0.7-1.2 mm thick near the base; plants with hard, knotty bases; blades (0.6)1.5-6(7) cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, involute, spreading at right angles to the culms<br />
|[[Sporobolus nealleyi|Sporobolus nealleyi]]<br />
|-id=key-0-29<br />
|29<br />
|Culms 30-120 cm tall, 1-3.5 mm thick near the base; plant bases not hard and knotty; blades (2)5-26 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, flat to involute, ascending or at right angles to the culms.<br />
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]<br />
|-id=key-0-30<br />
|30<br />
|Pedicels appressed to the secondary branches; primary branches appressed, spreading, or reflexed; pulvini glabrous; rachises straight, erect; mature panicles narrowly pyramidal, lower branches longer than the middle branches<br />
|[[Sporobolus cryptandrus|Sporobolus cryptandrus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-30<br />
|30<br />
|Pedicels spreading from the secondary branches; primary branches reflexed; pulvini pubescent; rachises drooping or nodding; mature panicles subovate to oblong, lower branches no longer than those in the middle<br />
|[[Sporobolus flexuosus|Sporobolus flexuosus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-16<br />
|16<br />
|Spikelets 2.5-10 mm long [for opposite lead, see p. 116].<br />
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]<br />
|-id=key-0-31<br />
|31<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 3 or more branches.<br />
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]<br />
|-id=key-0-32<br />
|32<br />
|Mature panicles 2-6 cm wide, pyramidal; panicle branches diverging 20-100° from the rachises; blades 0.8-2 mm wide; fruits 1.4-1.8 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus junceus|Sporobolus junceus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-32<br />
|32<br />
|Mature panicles 0.4-1.6 cm wide, narrow, contracted; panicle branches appressed or diverging to 20° from the rachises; blades 2-5 mm wide; fruits 1.8-2.3 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus purpurascens|Sporobolus purpurascens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-31<br />
|31<br />
|Lower panicle nodes with 1-2(3) branches.<br />
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]<br />
|-id=key-0-33<br />
|33<br />
|Mature panicles 0.04-4 cm wide, spikelike; panicle branches appressed.<br />
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]<br />
|-id=key-0-34<br />
|34<br />
|Spikelets 4-6(10) mm long, stramineous to purplish-tinged; panicles terminal and axillary; sheaths without a conspicuous apical tuft of hairs.<br />
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]<br />
|-id=key-0-35<br />
|35<br />
|Lemmas minutely pubescent or scabridulous, chartaceous and opaque; pericarps loose but neither gelatinous nor slipping off the seeds when wet; fruits (1.5)2.4-3.5 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus clandestinus|Sporobolus clandestinus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-35<br />
|35<br />
|Lemmas usually glabrous and smooth, membranous to chartaceous and hyaline; pericarps gelatinous, slipping off the seeds when wet; fruits 1-2 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus compositus|Sporobolus compositus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-34<br />
|34<br />
|Spikelets 1.7-3.5(4) mm long, whitish to plumbeous; panicles all terminal; sheaths with a conspicuous apical tuft of hairs.<br />
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]<br />
|-id=key-0-36<br />
|36<br />
|Culms 40-100(120) cm tall, 2-4(5) mm thick near the base; mature panicles 0.2-0.8(1) cm wide; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus contractus|Sporobolus contractus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-36<br />
|36<br />
|Culms 100-200 cm tall, (3)4-10 mm thick near the base; mature panicles 1-4 cm wide; anthers 0.6-1 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus giganteus|Sporobolus giganteus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-33<br />
|33<br />
|Mature panicles (0.6)1-30 cm wide, usually open, narrowly pyramidal to pyramidal or ovate; panicle branches appressed or spreading.<br />
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]<br />
|-id=key-0-37<br />
|37<br />
|Spikelets 2.3-3 mm long; panicles 4.5-30 cm wide, diffuse, about as long as wide; branches capillary; anthers 0.3-1 mm long<br />
|[[Sporobolus texanus|Sporobolus texanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-37<br />
|37<br />
|Spikelets 3-7.2 mm long; panicles 0.6-15 cm wide, longer than wide, not diffuse; branches not capillary; anthers 1.5-5 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]<br />
|-id=key-0-38<br />
|38<br />
|Mature spikelets plumbeous; sheath bases dull, fibrous.<br />
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]<br />
|-id=key-0-39<br />
|39<br />
|Anthers 3-4.2 mm long; ligules 0.2-0.7 mm long; plants from Arizona<br />
|[[Sporobolus interruptus|Sporobolus interruptus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-39<br />
|39<br />
|Anthers 1.7-3 mm long; ligules 0.1-0.3 mm long; plants not known from Arizona<br />
|[[Sporobolus heterolepis|Sporobolus heterolepis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-38<br />
|38<br />
|Mature spikelets purplish-brown to purplish; sheath bases shiny, indurate.<br />
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]<br />
|-id=key-0-40<br />
|40<br />
|Blades 0.5-1.2 mm wide, subterete to terete in cross section, at least at the base, sometimes channeled for portions of their length, sometimes becoming tightly involute distally, senescing or turning tan in late fall, the margins smooth; pedicels with scattered ascending hairs<br />
|[[Sporobolus teretifolus|Sporobolus teretifolus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-40<br />
|40<br />
|Blades 0.8-10 mm wide, flat or V-shaped in cross section, flat, folded, or involute when dry, remaining green well into winter or yellowing at maturity, the margins usually scabridulous, occasionally smooth; pedicels glabrous, sometimes scabridulous or scabrous.<br />
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]<br />
|-id=key-0-41<br />
|41<br />
|Lower glumes from 0.9 times as long as to longer than the upper glumes; culms 30-80(90) cm tall; panicles 10-25 cm long; pedicels 0.5-4(8) mm long, usually shorter than the spikelets, appressed<br />
|[[Sporobolus curtissii|Sporobolus curtissii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-41<br />
|41<br />
|Lower glumes from 0.6-0.9 (0.94) times as long as the upper glumes; culms (30)45-250 cm tall; panicles 15-50 cm long; pedicels 2-22 mm long, spreading or appressed.<br />
|[[#key-0-42| > 42]]<br />
|-id=key-0-42<br />
|42<br />
|Pedicels appressed; lemmas 4.4-6.5 mm long; anthers 3.5-5 mm long; spikelets purplish<br />
|[[Sporobolus silveanus|Sporobolus silveanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-42<br />
|42<br />
|Pedicels spreading; lemmas 3-4.3 mm long; anthers 2-3.4 mm long; spikelets purplish-brown.<br />
|[[#key-0-43| > 43]]<br />
|-id=key-0-43<br />
|43<br />
|Blades (2)3-10 mm wide, pale bluish-green, yellowing at maturity; panicles (18)30-50 cm long, 4-15 cm wide; lower glumes (0.6)0.75-0.94 times as long as the upper glumes<br />
|[[Sporobolus floridanus|Sporobolus floridanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-43<br />
|43<br />
|Blades 1.2-2(3) mm wide, dark green, remaining green well into winter; panicles 15-30 cm long, 2-6 cm wide; lower glumes 0.6-0.83 times as long as the upper glumes<br />
|[[Sporobolus pinetorum|Sporobolus pinetorum]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Sporobolus<br />
|author=Paul M. Peterson;Stephan L. Hatch;Alan S. Weakley;<br />
|authority=R. Br.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mich.;N.Dak.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Miss.;Utah;Wyo.;Oreg.;Tex.;La.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Ala.;Iowa;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Md.;Ohio;Nev.;Puerto Rico;Kans.;Mo.;Okla.;Colo.;Ga.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ark.;Idaho;Minn.;S.Dak.;Mont.<br />
|reference=baaijens1991a;lasgaard2001a;mcgregor1990a;peterson1997a;riggins1977a;simon1999a;weakley1998a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_186.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Sporobolus<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_australis&diff=409527Phragmites australis2021-05-28T17:29:58Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Phragmites australis<br />
|accepted_authority=(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.<br />
|publications=<br />
|common_names=Common reed;Phragmite commun;Roseau commun<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Phragmites communis<br />
|authority=<br />
|rank=species<br />
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym<br />
|name=Phragmites karka<br />
|authority=(Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.<br />
|rank=species<br />
}}<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Arundinoideae;Poaceae tribe Arundineae;Phragmites;Phragmites australis<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Arundinoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Arundineae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phragmites]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Phragmites australis]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 10<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Culms </b>1-4 m tall, 0.5-1.5 cm thick, erect. <b>Ligules</b> about 1 mm, composed of hairs; blades 15-40 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, long-acuminate, disarticulating from the sheath at maturity. <b>Panicles</b> 15-35 cm long, 8-20 cm wide, ovoid to lanceoloid, often purplish when young, straw-colored at maturity; rachilla hairs (4)6-10 mm. <b>Spikelets</b> with 3-10 florets. <b>Lower</b> glumes 3-7 mm; upper glumes (4)5-10 mm; lemmas 8-15 mm, glabrous, linear, margins somewhat inrolled, apices long-acuminate; paleas 3-4 mm, membranous; anthers 1.5-2 mm, purplish; styles persistent. <b>Caryopses</b> 2-3 mm, rarely maturing. <b>2n</b> = 36, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49-54, 72, 84, 96, 120.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Ind.;La.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;R.I.;Nev.;Mass.;Maine;Vt.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Miss.;Calif.;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Mich.;Ohio;Minn.;Mont.;Oreg.;S.C.;Tex.;Utah;Mo.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Phragmites australis</i> grows in wet or muddy ground along waterways, in saline or freshwater marshes, and in sloughs throughout North America. Its tall, leafy, often persistent culms and plumose panicles make it one of our easier species to recognize. In Florida, <i>Neyraudia reynaudiana</i> is sometimes mistaken for <i>P. australis</i>, but the former has glabrous internodes and pilose lemmas.</p><!--<br />
--><p>It is also one of the most widely distributed flowering plants, growing in most temperate and tropical regions of the world, spreading quickly by rhizomes. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate. Its uses include thatching, lattices, arrow shafts, construction boards, mats, and erosion control, and it was used in the past to make cigarettes and superior pen quills.</p><!--<br />
--><p><i>Phragmites</i> karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. is sometimes attributed to the Flora region. It supposedly dif¬fers from <i>P. australis</i> as shown below, but all the characters intergrade. For this reason, they are treated here as components of a single species.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references=<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Blades smooth on the abaxial surfaces, the apices filiform, flexible; rachilla hairs 6-10 mm long; upper glumes 5-10 mm long<br />
|[[Phragmites australis|Phragmites australis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Blades scabrous on the abaxial surface, the apices attenuate, stiff; rachilla hairs 4-7mm long; upper glumes 4-6 mm long<br />
|[[Phragmites karka|Phragmites karka]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Phragmites australis<br />
|authority=(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.<br />
|rank=species<br />
|parent rank=genus<br />
|synonyms=Phragmites communis;Phragmites karka<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|illustrator=Linda A. Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková<br />
|illustration copyright=Utah State University<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Ind.;La.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;R.I.;Nev.;Mass.;Maine;Vt.;Puerto Rico;Colo.;Miss.;Calif.;Ala.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Okla.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Mich.;Ohio;Minn.;Mont.;Oreg.;S.C.;Tex.;Utah;Mo.;Ky.<br />
|reference=None<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_22.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Arundinoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Arundineae<br />
|genus=Phragmites<br />
|species=Phragmites australis<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Phragmites]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Melica&diff=409526Melica2021-05-28T17:29:55Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Melica<br />
|accepted_authority=L.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Meliceae;Melica<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Meliceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Melica]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 24<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 88<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; cespitose or soboliferous, not or only shortly rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> (4)9-250 cm, sometimes forming a basal corm; nodes and internodes usually glabrous. <b>Sheaths</b> closed almost to the top; auricles sometimes present; ligules thinly membranous, erose to lacerate, usually glabrous, those of the lower leaves shorter than those of the upper leaves; blades flat or folded, glabrous or hairy, particularly on the adaxial surfaces, sometimes scabrous. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal panicles; primary branches often appressed; secondary branches appressed or divergent; pedicels either more or less straight or sharply bent below the spikelets, scabrous to strigose distally; disarticulation below the glumes in species with sharply bent pedicels, above the glumes in other species. <b>Spikelets</b> with 1-7 bisexual florets, terminating in a sterile structure, the rudiment, composed of 1-4 sterile florets; rudiments sometimes morphologically distinct from the bisexual florets, sometimes similar but smaller. <b>Glumes</b> membranous or chartaceous, distal margins wide, translucent; lower glumes 1-9-veined; upper glumes 1-11-veined; calluses glabrous; lemmas membranous basally, sometimes becoming coriaceous at maturity, glabrous or with hairs, (4)5-15-veined, usually unawned, sometimes awned, awns to 12 mm, straight; paleas from 1/2 as long as to almost equaling the lemmas, keels usually ciliate; lodicules fused into a single, collarlike structure extending 1/2 - 2/3 around the base of the ovaries; anthers (2)3. <b>Caryopses</b> usually 2-3 mm, smooth, glabrous, longitudinally furrowed, falling from the floret when mature, x = 9.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Wash.;W.Va.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Oreg.;Tex.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.J.;La.;Kans.;S.Dak.;Colo.;Mont.;Nev.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Okla.;Calif.;Idaho;Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Alaska;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Melica</i> includes approximately 80 species, which grow in all temperate regions of the world except Australia, usually in shady woodlands on dry stony slopes (Mejia-Saules and Bisby 2003). The species are relatively nutritious, but are rarely sufficiently abundant to be important as forage.</p><!--<br />
--><p>Nineteen species of <i>Melica</i> grow in the Flora region. Two European species are grown as ornamentals in North America. Many of the seventeen native species merit such use.</p><!--<br />
--><p>Several proposals have been made for dividing <i>Melica</i> into smaller units. American taxonomists have tended to favor Thurber's (1880) recognition of two subgenera: <i>Melica</i> and Bromelica. In subg. <i>Melica</i>, the pedicels are straight and disarticulation is above the glumes; in subg. Bromelica, the pedicels are sharply bent and the spikelets disarticulate below the glumes. Hempel (1970) recognized three subgenera in <i>Melica</i>, but his groups do not correspond well to the pattern of morphological variation seen in North America. More recently, Mejia-Saules and Bisby (2003) examined the variation in lemma silica bodies and hooked papillae within <i>Melica</i>. Their results are not consistent with either Thurber's or Hempel's treatment, but provide some support for Papp's (1928) recognition of two groups, based on the presence or absence of hairs on the lemmas and the compression of the spikelets.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=boyle1945a<br />
|text=Boyle, W.S. 1945. A cytotaxonomic study of the North American species of Melica. Madrono 8:1-26<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=farwell1919a<br />
|text=Farwell, O.A. 1919. Bromelica (Thurber): A new genus of grasses. Rhodora 21:76-78<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=hempel1970a<br />
|text=Hempel, W. 1970. Taxonomische und chorologische Untersuchungen an Arten von Melica L. subgen. Melica. Feddes Repert. 81:131-145<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=hitchcock1951a<br />
|text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=mejia-saules2003a<br />
|text=Mejia-Saules, T. and F.A. Bisby. 2003. Silica bodies and hooked papillae in lemmas of Melica species (Gramineae: Pooideae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143:447-463<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=papp1928a<br />
|text=Papp, C. 1928. Monographic der Siidamerikanischen Arten der Gattung Melica L. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25:97-160<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=thurber1880a<br />
|text=Thurber, G. 1880. Melica Linn. Pp. 302-305 in S. Watson. Geological Survey of California: Botany, vol. 2. Little, Brown, Boston, Masssachusetts, U.S.A. 559 pp.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes; pedicels sharply bent just below the spikelets.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lemmas with hairs.<br />
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Lemmas with hairs on the lower portion of the lemmas, the hairs twisted<br />
|[[Melica montezumae|Melica montezumae]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Lemmas with hairs on the marginal veins, the hairs not twisted<br />
|[[Melica ciliata|Melica ciliata]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lemmas glabrous, sometimes scabridulous to scabrous.<br />
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Rudiments acute to acuminate, similar to but smaller than the bisexual florets.<br />
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Spikelets broadly V-shaped when mature, 5-13 mm wide; upper glumes 6-18 mm long<br />
|[[Melica stricta|Melica stricta]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Spikelets parallel-sided when mature, 1.5-5 mm wide; upper glumes 5-8 mm long<br />
|[[Melica porteri|Melica porteri]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Rudiments clublike, not resembling the bisexual florets.<br />
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Rudiments at an angle to the rachilla; panicle branches with 2-5 spikelets<br />
|[[Melica mutica|Melica mutica]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Rudiments in a straight line with the rachilla; panicle branches with 5-20 spikelets.<br />
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Panicle branches often divergent to reflexed; glumes unequal, lower glumes shorter and more ovate than the upper glumes<br />
|[[Melica nitens|Melica nitens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Panicle branches strongly ascending to appressed; glumes subequal in length and similar in shape<br />
|[[Melica altissima|Melica altissima]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes; pedicels more or less straight.<br />
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Rudiments truncate to acute, not resembling the lowest florets.<br />
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Bisexual florets 1(2); paleas almost as long as the lemmas.<br />
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Rudiments shorter than the terminal rachilla internode; bisexual lemmas scabridulous, sometimes hairy<br />
|[[Melica torreyana|Melica torreyana]]<br />
|-id=key-0-10<br />
|10<br />
|Rudiments longer than the terminal rachilla internode; bisexual lemmas glabrous, sometimes scabrous<br />
|[[Melica imperfecta|Melica imperfecta]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Bisexual florets 2-7; paleas 1/2 – 3/4 the length of the lemmas.<br />
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Culm bases not forming distinct corms<br />
|[[Melica californica|Melica californica]]<br />
|-id=key-0-11<br />
|11<br />
|Culm bases forming distinct corms.<br />
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Glumes usually less than 1/2 as long as the spikelets; ligules 0.1-2 mm long; corms connected to the rhizomes by a rootlike structure<br />
|[[Melica spectabilis|Melica spectabilis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-12<br />
|12<br />
|Glumes from 1/2(2/3) as long as to equaling the spikelets; ligules 2-6 mm long; corms almost sessile on the rhizomes<br />
|[[Melica bulbosa|Melica bulbosa]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Rudiments tapering, smaller than but otherwise similar to the lowest florets in shape.<br />
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Lemmas awned.<br />
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Awns shorter than 3 mm.<br />
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]<br />
|-id=key-0-15<br />
|15<br />
|Panicle branches appressed; lemmas usually with 0.7-1.3 mm hairs on the margins<br />
|[[Melica harfordii|Melica harfordii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-15<br />
|15<br />
|Panicle branches widespread to reflexed; lemmas glabrous<br />
|[[Melica geyeri|Melica geyeri]]<br />
|-id=key-0-14<br />
|14<br />
|Awns 3-12 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]<br />
|-id=key-0-16<br />
|16<br />
|Panicle branches 4-6 cm long, appressed or ascending; blades 2-6 mm wide<br />
|[[Melica aristata|Melica aristata]]<br />
|-id=key-0-16<br />
|16<br />
|Panicle branches 7-11 cm long, spreading to reflexed; blades 5-12 mm wide<br />
|[[Melica smithii|Melica smithii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-13<br />
|13<br />
|Lemmas unawned.<br />
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]<br />
|-id=key-0-17<br />
|17<br />
|Lemmas strongly tapering and acuminate, the veins usually hairy<br />
|[[Melica subulata|Melica subulata]]<br />
|-id=key-0-17<br />
|17<br />
|Lemmas acute to obtuse, the veins hairy or not.<br />
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]<br />
|-id=key-0-18<br />
|18<br />
|Lemmas pubescent, the hairs on the marginal veins clearly longer than the hairs elsewhere<br />
|[[Melica harfordii|Melica harfordii]]<br />
|-id=key-0-18<br />
|18<br />
|Lemmas glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent, never with clearly longer hairs on the marginal veins.<br />
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]<br />
|-id=key-0-19<br />
|19<br />
|Rachilla internodes swollen when fresh, wrinkled when dry<br />
|[[Melica fugax|Melica fugax]]<br />
|-id=key-0-19<br />
|19<br />
|Rachilla internodes not swollen when fresh, not wrinkled when dry.<br />
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]<br />
|-id=key-0-20<br />
|20<br />
|Panicle branches with 5-15 spikelets; paleas about 1/2 as long as the lemmas; culms not forming corms<br />
|[[Melica frutescens|Melica frutescens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-20<br />
|20<br />
|Panicle branches with 1-6 spikelets; paleas from 2/3 as long as to equaling the lemmas; culms forming corms.<br />
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]<br />
|-id=key-0-21<br />
|21<br />
|Panicle branches 3-11 cm long, divergent to reflexed, flexuous; lowest rachilla internodes 2-3 mm long<br />
|[[Melica geyeri|Melica geyeri]]<br />
|-id=key-0-21<br />
|21<br />
|Panicle branches 2-6.5 cm long, usually appressed to ascending, straight, sometimes strongly divergent and flexuous; lowest rachilla internodes 1-2 mm long.<br />
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]<br />
|-id=key-0-22<br />
|22<br />
|Ligules 0.1-2 mm long; glumes usually less than 1/2 the length of the spikelets; corms not attached directly to the rhizomes<br />
|[[Melica spectabilis|Melica spectabilis]]<br />
|-id=key-0-22<br />
|22<br />
|Ligules 2-6 mm long; glumes from (1/2)2/3 as long as to equaling the spikelets; corms almost sessile, directly attached to the rhizomes<br />
|[[Melica bulbosa|Melica bulbosa]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Melica<br />
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;<br />
|authority=L.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Wash.;W.Va.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Oreg.;Tex.;Fla.;Wyo.;N.J.;La.;Kans.;S.Dak.;Colo.;Mont.;Nev.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Okla.;Calif.;Idaho;Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Ont.;Que.;Sask.;Alaska;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|reference=boyle1945a;farwell1919a;hempel1970a;hitchcock1951a;mejia-saules2003a;papp1928a;thurber1880a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V24/V24_105.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Meliceae<br />
|genus=Melica<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Meliceae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Tridens&diff=409525Tridens2021-05-28T17:29:52Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding category Revised Since Print</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Treatment/ID<br />
|accepted_name=Tridens<br />
|accepted_authority=Roem. & Schult.<br />
|publications=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Tridens<br />
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Tridens]]</div></div><br />
|volume=Volume 25<br />
|mention_page=<br />
|treatment_page=page 33<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial; usually cespitose, often with short, knotty rhizomes, occasionally with elongate rhizomes, never stoloniferous. <b>Culms</b> 5-180 cm, erect, mostly glabrous, lower nodes sometimes with hairs. <b>Sheaths</b> shorter than the internodes, open; ligules membranous and ciliate or of hairs; blades 6-25 cm long, 1-8 mm wide, flat or involute, margins not thick and cartilaginous. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, usually panicles (sometimes reduced to racemes), 5-40 cm, exceeding the upper leaves, exserted. <b>Spikelets</b> 4-10(13) mm, laterally compressed, with 4-11(16) florets, more than 1 floret bisexual; sterile florets distal to the fertile spikelets; disarticulation above the glumes. <b>Glumes</b> from shorter than to equaling the distal florets; lower glumes 1(3)-veined; lower glumes shorter than or about equal to the upper glumes, 1-3(9)-veined, unawned; calluses usually glabrous, sometimes pilose; lemmas hyaline or membranous, 3-veined, veins usually shortly hairy below, apices rounded to truncate, emarginate to bilobed, midvein often excurrent to 0.5 mm, lateral veins not or more shortly excurrent; paleas glabrous or shortly pubescent on the lower back and margins, veins glabrous or ciliolate; lodicules 2, free or adnate to the palea; anthers 3, reddish-purple. <b>Caryopses</b> dorsiventrally compressed and reniform in cross section, dark brown; embryos about 2/5 as long as the caryopses. <b>x</b> = 10.</span><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{Treatment/Body<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;D.C;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Mich.;Minn.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Ohio;Okla.;Wis.;W.Va.;Ont.;Fla.;N.H.;Ariz.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Calif.;Va.;Colo.;Md.;Mass.;R.I.;Vt.;Ark.;Ga.;Iowa;Utah;Mo.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|discussion=<p><i>Tridens</i>, a genus of 14 species, is native to the Americas; all ten species described here are native to the the Flora region. Hitchcock (1951) included both <i>Erioneuron</i> and <i>Dasyochloa</i> in <i>Tridens</i>; Tateoka (1961) demonstrated that they should be excluded. One of the differences between <i>Tridens</i> and the other two genera lies in their chromosome bases numbers, 10 in <i>Tridens</i> and 8 in <i>Erioneuron</i> and <i>Dasyochloa</i>. <i>Tridens albescens</i> is exceptional within <i>Tridens</i> in having chromosome numbers that suggest two base numbers, 10 and 8.</p><br />
|tables=<br />
|references={{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=burbidge1953a<br />
|text=Burbidge, N.T. 1953. The genus Triodia R. Br. (Gramineae). Austral. J. Bot. 1:121-184<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=gould1975c<br />
|text=Gould, F.W. 1975. The grasses of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 653 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=hitchcock1951d<br />
|text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951 [title page 1950]. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp.<br />
}}{{Treatment/Reference<br />
|id=tateoka1961a<br />
|text=Tateoka, T. 1961. A biosystematic study of Tridens (Gramineae). Amer. J. Bot. 48:565-573.<br />
}}<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><div class="treatment-key"><br />
==Key==<br />
<div class="treatment-key-group"><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Primary panicle branches appressed to strongly ascending; panicles 0.3-4 cm wide, dense and spikelike.<br />
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lateral veins of the lemmas glabrous or pubescent only at the base<br />
|[[Tridens albescens|Tridens albescens]]<br />
|-id=key-0-2<br />
|2<br />
|Lateral veins of the lemmas pilose to well above the base.<br />
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Glumes evidently longer than the adjacent lemmas, often twice as long, usually equaling or exceeding the distal florets<br />
|[[Tridens strictus|Tridens strictus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-3<br />
|3<br />
|Glumes from shorter than to equaling the adjacent lemmas, often exceeded by the distal florets.<br />
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|All 3 lemma veins shortly excurrent; calluses pilose<br />
|[[Tridens carolinianus|Tridens carolinianus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-4<br />
|4<br />
|Lateral lemma veins not excurrent, often terminating before the distal margin, the midvein sometimes excurrent; calluses glabrous or shortly pilose.<br />
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Panicles 7-25 cm long, 0.3-0.8 cm wide; lemma midveins rarely excurrent<br />
|[[Tridens muticus|Tridens muticus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-5<br />
|5<br />
|Panicles 5-8(10) cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm wide; lemma midveins always shortly excurrent<br />
|[[Tridens congestus|Tridens congestus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-1<br />
|1<br />
|Primary panicle branches ascending to reflexed or drooping; panicles 1-20 cm wide, open, not spikelike.<br />
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|All pedicels shorter than 1 mm<br />
|[[Tridens ambiguus|Tridens ambiguus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-6<br />
|6<br />
|Some pedicels longer than 1 mm.<br />
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Lateral veins of the lemmas rarely excurrent.<br />
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Lemmas 4-6 mm; ligules 0.4-1 mm<br />
|[[Tridens buckleyanus|Tridens buckleyanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-8<br />
|8<br />
|Lemmas 2-3.2 mm; ligules 1.2-3 mm<br />
|[[Tridens eragrostoides|Tridens eragrostoides]]<br />
|-id=key-0-7<br />
|7<br />
|Lateral veins of the lemmas commonly excurrent as short points.<br />
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Blades 1-5 mm wide; panicles 5-16 cm long<br />
|[[Tridens texanus|Tridens texanus]]<br />
|-id=key-0-9<br />
|9<br />
|Blades mostly 3-10 mm wide; panicles 15-40 cm long<br />
|[[Tridens flavus|Tridens flavus]]<br />
|}<br />
</div></div><!--<br />
<br />
-->{{#Taxon:<br />
name=Tridens<br />
|author=Jesus Valdes-Reyna;<br />
|authority=Roem. & Schult.<br />
|rank=genus<br />
|parent rank=tribe<br />
|synonyms=<br />
|basionyms=<br />
|family=Poaceae<br />
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;D.C;Del.;Ill.;Ind.;Kans.;Mich.;Minn.;Nebr.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Ohio;Okla.;Wis.;W.Va.;Ont.;Fla.;N.H.;Ariz.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Calif.;Va.;Colo.;Md.;Mass.;R.I.;Vt.;Ark.;Ga.;Iowa;Utah;Mo.;Miss.;Ky.<br />
|reference=burbidge1953a;gould1975c;hitchcock1951d;tateoka1961a<br />
|publication title=<br />
|publication year=<br />
|special status=<br />
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/200273ad09963decb8fc72550212de541d86569d/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V25/V25_47.xml<br />
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae<br />
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae<br />
|genus=Tridens<br />
}}<!--<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Treatment]]<br />
[[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]<br />
[[Category:Revised Since Print]]</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Sporobolus&diff=409524Talk:Sporobolus2021-05-28T17:29:14Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Key numbering throughout the entire key starting at key lead 3 and the content of key leads 2 and 3 have been changed.|ChangedTo=Key numbering has been changed to accommodate ne</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Key numbering throughout the entire key starting at key lead 3 and the content of key leads 2 and 3 have been changed.|ChangedTo=Key numbering has been changed to accommodate new key leads 2 (Lower panicle nodes with 7-20 branches and Lower panicle nodes with 1-3 branches) and an extra key lead now key lead 3 (Pedicels 0.1-0.5(1) mm long, appressed and Pedicels 2(3)-6(8) mm long, widely spreading)|Location=Treatment Body|Category=|Reason=Incorporation of changes from the back of V25 p.791|FixedInFNA=No|Comments=No efloras page for this taxon exists.|Authority=V25 p. 791, 28-04-2021|Volume=25}}<br />
<br />
{{TalkChanges|Original=<determination>2. S. pyramidatus</determination>|ChangedTo=<next_statement_id>2a.</next_statement_id>|Location=key|Category=key lead|Reason=error in text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=New key statements (2a) were written to include the additional species that was identified - S. coahuilensis|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 791, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Pyrus_communis&diff=409523Talk:Pyrus communis2021-05-28T17:29:08Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Pyrus pyraster is often treated as a wild species with smaller, rounder, and more sour fruit, yet it seems likely that wild pears fitting this description have originated from c</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Pyrus pyraster is often treated as a wild species with smaller, rounder, and more sour fruit, yet it seems likely that wild pears fitting this description have originated from cultivated stock referable to P. communis, just as self-sown apples (Malus pumila) often have smaller, sour fruits. Recent authors are followed here in treating P. pyraster as a synonym.|ChangedTo=Pyrus pyraster is often treated as a wild species with smaller, rounder, and more sour fruit, yet it seems likely that wild pears fitting this description have originated from cultivated stock referable to P. communis, just as self-sown apples (Malus domestica) often have smaller, sour fruits. Recent authors are followed here in treating P. pyraster as a synonym.|Location=Treatment Body|Category=Discussion|Reason=Accepted name change from Malus pumila to Malus domestica.|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 23-03-2021|Volume=9}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Malus_prunifolia&diff=409522Talk:Malus prunifolia2021-05-28T17:29:05Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Malus prunifolia is closely related to the cultivated apple, M. pumila, and sometimes is used as rootstock for the latter because of its extensive root system. Malus prunifolia</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Malus prunifolia is closely related to the cultivated apple, M. pumila, and sometimes is used as rootstock for the latter because of its extensive root system. Malus prunifolia differs from M. pumila in having more sharply serrate leaves, glabrate or glabrous abaxial surfaces of mature leaves, relatively long pedicels, and pomes with raised, swollen, fleshy-based sepals.|ChangedTo=Malus prunifolia is closely related to the cultivated apple, M. domestica, and sometimes is used as rootstock for the latter because of its extensive root system. Malus prunifolia differs from M. domestica in having more sharply serrate leaves, glabrate or glabrous abaxial surfaces of mature leaves, relatively long pedicels, and pomes with raised, swollen, fleshy-based sepals.|Location=Treatment Body|Category=Discussion|Reason=Accepted name change from Malus pumila to Malus domestica.|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 23-03-2021|Volume=9}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Malus_fusca&diff=409521Talk:Malus fusca2021-05-28T17:29:02Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=The species hybridizes in Oregon and Washington with the cultivated apple, M. pumila (P. F. Zika 2004), and the hybrid is M. ×dawsoniana Rehder. |ChangedTo=The species hybridize</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=The species hybridizes in Oregon and Washington with the cultivated apple, M. pumila (P. F. Zika 2004), and the hybrid is M. ×dawsoniana Rehder. |ChangedTo=The species hybridizes in Oregon and Washington with the cultivated apple, M. domestica (P. F. Zika 2004), and the hybrid is M. ×dawsoniana Rehder. |Location=Treatment Body|Category=Discussion|Reason=Change in accepted name from Malus pumila to Malus domestica.|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 23-03-2021|Volume=9}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Malus_ioensis&diff=409520Talk:Malus ioensis2021-05-28T17:28:59Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Malus ×soulardii (L. H. Bailey) Britton (Pyrus ×soulardii L. H. Bailey) is a hybrid between M. ioensis and M. pumila.|ChangedTo=Malus ×soulardii (L. H. Bailey) Britton (Pyrus ×s</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Malus ×soulardii (L. H. Bailey) Britton (Pyrus ×soulardii L. H. Bailey) is a hybrid between M. ioensis and M. pumila.|ChangedTo=Malus ×soulardii (L. H. Bailey) Britton (Pyrus ×soulardii L. H. Bailey) is a hybrid between M. ioensis and M. domestica.|Location=Treatment Body|Category=Discussion|Reason=Accepted name change from Malus pumila to Malus domestica.|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 23-03-2021|Volume=9}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Malus_domestica&diff=409519Talk:Malus domestica2021-05-28T17:28:56Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768. Pyrus malus Linnaeus var. paradisiaca Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 479. 1753; M. sylvestris Miller; P. malus Linnaeus|ChangedT</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768. Pyrus malus Linnaeus var. paradisiaca Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 479. 1753; M. sylvestris Miller; P. malus Linnaeus|ChangedTo=Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkhausen, Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1272. 1803, name conserved Pyrus malus Linnaeus var. domestica Suckow, Anfangsgr. Bot. 2: 332. 1786; Malus paradisiaca (Linnaeus) Medikus; M. pumila Miller; M. sylvestris (Linnaeus) Miller; P. malus Linnaeus; P. malus var. paradisiaca Linnaeus; P. malus var. sylvestris Linnaeus|Location=Treatment ID|Category=Accepted authority, Accepted name, Basionym, Synonyms, Discussion|Reason=Quian G. Z. et al.’s proposal (2010) to conserve the illegitimate name M. domestica as M. domestica (Suckow) Borkhausen was accepted by the Nomenclature session at the XIX International Botanical Congress in July 2017, held at Shenzhen, China. The legitimation of the name M. domestica in the Shenzhen code is accepted by the author and now followed in FNA’s digital treatment of Malus.|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 23-03-2021|Volume=9}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Phedimus&diff=409518Talk:Phedimus2021-05-28T17:28:53Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Greek phaidimos, shining, perhaps alluding to leaves of some species|ChangedTo=Greek mythological name, possibly for Phaedimus, mythical son of Amphion and Niobe, slain by Apoll</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Greek phaidimos, shining, perhaps alluding to leaves of some species|ChangedTo=Greek mythological name, possibly for Phaedimus, mythical son of Amphion and Niobe, slain by Apollo|Location=Treatment ID|Category=|Reason=change to etymology|FixedInFNA=Yes|Comments=|Authority=Kanchi Gandhi, 17-03-2021|Volume=8}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Themeda_quadrivalvis&diff=409517Talk:Themeda quadrivalvis2021-05-28T17:28:41Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=[]|ChangedTo=Baird, J.R. and J.W. Thieret. 1985. Notes on Themeda quadrivalvis (Poaceae) in Louisiana. Isleya 2:129-137|Location=references|Category=reference|Reason=addition to</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=[]|ChangedTo=Baird, J.R. and J.W. Thieret. 1985. Notes on Themeda quadrivalvis (Poaceae) in Louisiana. Isleya 2:129-137|Location=references|Category=reference|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 815, 2007|Volume=25}}<br />
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{{TalkChanges|Original=So far as is known, the species is not established in the Flora region.|ChangedTo=It is established in St. Landry and Iberia parishes, Louisiana, in addition to having escaped from cultivation in Florida (Baird and Thieret 1985)|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=error in text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 815, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Themeda_quadrivalvis&diff=409516Talk:Themeda quadrivalvis2021-05-28T17:28:38Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=So far as is known, the species is not established in the Flora region.|ChangedTo=It is established in St. Landry and Iberia parishes, Louisiana, in addition to having escaped f</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=So far as is known, the species is not established in the Flora region.|ChangedTo=It is established in St. Landry and Iberia parishes, Louisiana, in addition to having escaped from cultivation in Florida (Baird and Thieret 1985)|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=error in text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 815, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Sorghum_bicolor_subsp._%C3%97drummondii&diff=409515Talk:Sorghum bicolor subsp. ×drummondii2021-05-28T17:28:35Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=(Steud.) de Wet|ChangedTo=(Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse|Location=accepted name|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Correc</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=(Steud.) de Wet|ChangedTo=(Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse|Location=accepted name|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 814, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Sorghum_bicolor_subsp._arundinaceum&diff=409514Talk:Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum2021-05-28T17:28:32Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=(Desv.) de Wet &amp; J.R. Harlan|ChangedTo=(Desv.) de Wet &amp; J.R. Harlan ex Davidse|Location=accepted name|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=(Desv.) de Wet &amp; J.R. Harlan|ChangedTo=(Desv.) de Wet &amp; J.R. Harlan ex Davidse|Location=accepted name|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 814, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Imperata_brevifolia&diff=409513Talk:Imperata brevifolia2021-05-28T17:28:29Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=[]|ChangedTo=In September 2003, G.F. Hrusa succeeded in persuading the California authorities that Imperata brevifolia should be taken off the state's noxious weed list. Endange</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=[]|ChangedTo=In September 2003, G.F. Hrusa succeeded in persuading the California authorities that Imperata brevifolia should be taken off the state's noxious weed list. Endangered species status is now being sought.|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=Added new comment about change of status, and modified section mentioning that I. brevifolia was put on noxious weed list in the first place (change to past tense)|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 813, 2007|Volume=25}}<br />
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{{TalkChanges|Original=Imperata brevifolia is listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may stem from confusion of this native species with one of the introduced weedy species.|ChangedTo=Imperata brevifolia was listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may have stemmed from confusion of this native species with one of the introduced weedy species.|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 813, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Imperata_brevifolia&diff=409512Talk:Imperata brevifolia2021-05-28T17:28:26Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=Imperata brevifolia is listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may stem from confusion of this native species with one o</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=Imperata brevifolia is listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may stem from confusion of this native species with one of the introduced weedy species.|ChangedTo=Imperata brevifolia was listed as a noxious weed by the state of California. The reason for the listing is not clear; it may have stemmed from confusion of this native species with one of the introduced weedy species.|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 813, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Reimarochloa&diff=409511Talk:Reimarochloa2021-05-28T17:28:23Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=unknown|ChangedTo=Mary E. Barkworth|Location=meta|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=unknown|ChangedTo=Mary E. Barkworth|Location=meta|Category=authorship|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 812, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Paspalum_almum&diff=409510Talk:Paspalum almum2021-05-28T17:28:20Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=2n = 12, 24|ChangedTo=2n = 12, 24, 36|Location=description|Category=morphology|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Commen</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=2n = 12, 24|ChangedTo=2n = 12, 24, 36|Location=description|Category=morphology|Reason=addition to text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 812, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBothttp://floranorthamerica.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Setaria_vilosissima&diff=409509Talk:Setaria vilosissima2021-05-28T17:28:17Z<p>RevisionBot: Bot: Adding {{TalkChanges|Original=An Arizona specimen is known, but is not mapped because there are no additional locality data. No other Arizona specimens are known. The villous sheaths and blades and large spi</p>
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<div>{{TalkChanges|Original=An Arizona specimen is known, but is not mapped because there are no additional locality data. No other Arizona specimens are known. The villous sheaths and blades and large spikelets of S. villosissima aid in its identification.|ChangedTo=The villous sheaths and blades and large spikelets of S. villosissima aid in its identification. A.S. Hitchcock's (1951) report of Setaria villosissima from Arizona is based on misidentification of a specimen of S. leucophila (Reeder 1994).|Location=discussion|Category=discussion|Reason=error in text|FixedInFNA=yes|Comments=|Authority=V25: Additions, Corrections, and Comments, page 811, 2007|Volume=25}}</div>RevisionBot